Table 2.
Candidate gene studies and the associated pathways involved in the pathogenesis of PCOS
| Associated pathway | Candidate gene | References |
|---|---|---|
| Insulin secretion and metabolism | INS (Insulin gene) | [56, 207] |
| INSR (Insulin receptor gene) | [57, 208] | |
| CAPN10 | [209] | |
| IRS1 (Insulin receptor substrate 1) | [210] | |
| Fat metabolism | FTO gene | [58, 59] |
| MC4R | [211] | |
| ADIPOQ | [212] | |
| Steroidogenic pathway | CYP11a | [213, 214] |
| CYP17 | [215, 216] | |
| CYP19 | [217] | |
| CYP21 | [218] | |
| INSL3 (Insulin-like factor 3) | [219] | |
| HSD17B5 (17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 5) | [220] | |
| Regulation of gonadotropin | FSHR | [221] |
| FSHβ | [222] | |
| AMHR | [223] | |
| LH | [224] | |
| AMH | [225] | |
| Androgen bioavailability | SHBG | [60, 226] |
| Inflammation | TNF-alpha | [227] |
| IL-6 gene | [228] | |
| Vitamin D | VDR | [229] |