Table 2.
Breathing pattern differences in spirometry, plethysmography, and DLCO in endurance athletes.
| Variables | EAG breathing pattern | F | p | Eta2 | Post hoc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Thoracic ± SD (n = 22, 13♂, 9♀) | Diaphragmatic ± SD (n = 38, 20♂, 18♀) | Abdominal ± SD (n = 9, 7♂, 2♀) | Diaphragmatic versus Thoracic | Abdominal versus Thoracic | Diaphragmatic versus Abdominal | ||||
| VC (L) | 4.05 ± 0.95 | 5.495 ± 1.13 | 5.49 ± 0.95 | 9.777 | 0.000 | 0.307 | 0.001* | 0.011* | 0.984 |
| IC (L) | 2.99 ± 0.79 | 3.76 ± 0.87 | 3.31 ± 0.77 | 6.08 | 0.003 | 0.155 | 0.009* | 0.698 | 0.489 |
| ERV (L) | 1.06 ± 0.56 | 1.73 ± 0.62 | 2.18 ± 0.45 | 15.00 | 0.000 | 0.312 | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.243 |
| VC (%pred.) | 91.213 ± 10.56 | 106.42 ± 14.10 | 104.37 ± 9.61 | 0.075 | 0.927 | 0.003 | 0.991 | 0.959 | 0.920 |
| IC%PRED | 106.36 ± 16.80 | 113.40 ± 20.37 | 97.14 ± 14.24 | 3.107 | 0.051 | 0.086 | 0.426 | 0.548 | 0.160 |
| ERV%PRED | 70.37 ± 34.48 | 96.44 ± 29.83 | 120.46 ± 22.07 | 9.770 | 0.000 | 0.228 | 0.017* | 0.002* | 0.226 |
| FEV1/FVC | 85.17 ± 5.06 | 79.60 ± 18.39 | 79.59 ± 16.37 | 2.080 | 0.136 | 0.086 | 0.156 | 0.991 | 0.371 |
| FEV1/FVC (%pred.) | 97.65 ± 6.01 | 95.99 ± 7.23 | 92.71 ± 18.58 | 0.690 | 0.507 | 0.030 | 0.638 | 0.962 | 0.580 |
| FVC (L) | 4.85 ± 0.95 | 6.18 ± 1.18 | 6.03 ± 0.95 | 9.400 | 0.000 | 0.299 | 0.001* | 0.011* | 0.996 |
| FVC (%pred.) | 111.27 ± 11.39 | 113.18 ± 12.75 | 108.33 ± 9.18 | 0.037 | 0.963 | 0.001 | 0.997 | 0.961 | 0.972 |
| FEV1 (L) | 4.14 ± 0.88 | 5.13 ± 1.01 | 4.69 ± 0.85 | 8.415 | 0.000 | 0.276 | 0.001* | 0.006* | 0.879 |
| FEV1 (%pred.) | 107.68 ± 8.91 | 104.39 ± 8.43 | 106.62 ± 11.22 | 0.651 | 0.526 | 0.028 | 0.510 | 0.960 | 0.821 |
| PEF (L) | 7.59 ± 1.64 | 9.25 ± 1.93 | 10.41 ± 1.46 | 7.832 | 0.001 | 0.262 | 0.015* | 0.001* | 0.256 |
| PEF% (%pred.) | 97.25 ± 11.84 | 95.82 ± 16.72 | 105.37 ± 15.03 | 1.236 | 0.300 | 0.053 | 0.954 | 0.427 | 0.275 |
| MEF 50 (l/min) | 5.04 ± 1.21 | 5.21 ± 1.30 | 6.02 ± 1.87 | 1.426 | 0.250 | 0.060 | 0.922 | 0.238 | 0.334 |
| MEF 50 (%pred.) | 103.43 ± 19.28 | 92.78 ± 20.28 | 106.00 ± 31.81 | 1.611 | 0.211 | 0.068 | 0.313 | 0.961 | 0.324 |
| PIF (L) | 6.25 ± 1.43 | 8.30 ± 1.42 | 8.86 ± 2.20 | 10.620 | 0.000 | 0.330 | 0.001* | 0.001* | 0.670 |
| TLC (L) | 5.75 ± 0.80 | 7.01 ± 1.33 | 6.96 ± 1.03 | 6.486 | 0.003 | 0.227 | 0.003* | 0.044* | 0.991 |
| TLC (%pred.) | 105.87 ± 8.49 | 101.65 ± 11.72 | 99.50 ± 10.77 | 1.201 | 0.310 | 0.051 | 0.443 | 0.353 | 0.873 |
| RV (L) | 1.14 ± 0.25 | 1.07 ± 0.55 | 1.08 ± 0.32 | 0.126 | 0.881 | 0.005 | 0.876 | 0.946 | 0.998 |
| RV (%pred.) | 83.81 ± 19.91 | 69.43 ± 34.13 | 70.75 ± 20.58 | 1.331 | 0.274 | 0.057 | 0.266 | 0.533 | 0.992 |
| RV/TLC | 20.12 ± 4.64 | 15.08 ± 6.45 | 15.58 ± 3.44 | 4.268 | 0.020 | 0.162 | 0.019* | 0.146 | 0.972 |
| RV/TLC (%pred.) | 78.81 ± 16.91 | 66.39 ± 27.81 | 70.62 ± 15.06 | 1.403 | 0.256 | 0.059 | 0.227 | 0.687 | 0.893 |
| VC (%pred.) | 91.213 ± 10.56 | 106.42 ± 14.10 | 104.37 ± 9.61 | 0.075 | 0.927 | 0.003 | 0.991 | 0.959 | 0.920 |
| DLco mL/min/mmHg | 25.73 ± 5.91 | 36.31 ± 8.10 | 34.57 ± 7.43 | 9.484 | 0.000 | 0.327 | 0.001* | 0.030* | 0.849 |
| DLco (%pred.) | 103.86 ± 11.77 | 113.40 ± 16.53 | 109.14 ± 14.65 | 1.805 | 0.177 | 0.084 | 0.152 | 0.714 | 0.788 |
| VA (L) | 5.31 ± 1.06 | 7.34 ± 1.56 | 6.83 ± 0.86 | 10.596 | 0.000 | 0.352 | 0.001* | 0.038* | 0.655 |
| VA%pred | 102.66 ± 13.00 | 110.65 ± 26.68 | 110.85 ± 7.45 | 0.748 | 0.479 | 0.036 | 0.492 | 0.657 | 0.999 |
| DLco/VA (ml/min/mmHg/L) | 4.86 ± 0.58 | 4.95 ± 0.53 | 5.05 ± 0.80 | 0.259 | 0.773 | 0.013 | 0.885 | 0.769 | 0.932 |
| DLco/VA%pred | 101.13 ± 11.48 | 97.60 ± 9.52 | 98.28 ± 14.30 | 0.452 | 0.639 | 0.022 | 0.623 | 0.841 | 0.989 |
| Respiratory frequency (br/min) | 13.84 ± 2.52 | 12.92 ± 2.38 | 13.33 ± 2.47 | 0.347 | 0.739 | 0.457 | 0.991 | 0.838 | 0.961 |
Results of ANOVA analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc test All data are presented as the mean ± SD.
VC, vital capacity; IC, inspiratory capacity; ERV, expiratory reserve volume; FVC, forced vital capacity; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second; MEF, maximal expiratory flow; PEF, peak expiratory flow; PIF, peak inspiratory flow; TLC, total lung capacity; RV, residual volume; DLco, diffusion lung capacity for carbon monoxide; VA, alveolar volume.
*p < 0.05 significant differences significant differences in breathing patterns.