Table 3.

Differences in respiratory impedance between diaphragmatic, thoracic, and abdominal breathing patterns in endurance athletes.

Variables	EAG breathing pattern			F	p	Eta2	Post hoc
	Thoracic ± SD (n = 22. 13♂. 9♀))	Diaphragmatic ± SD (n = 38. 20♂. 18♀)	Abdominal ± SD (n = 9. 7♂. 2♀)				Diaphragmatic versus thoracic	Abdominal versus thoracic	Diaphragmatic versus abdominal
Rinsp5 (%pred.)	123.83 ± 28.41	108.15 ± 26.89	117.63 ± 31.81	2.165	0.122	0.061	0.170	0.889	0.762
Rexp5 (%pred.)	138.44 ± 32.19	121.30 ± 33.83	135.80 ± 39.64	1.988	0.144	0.056	0.225	0.985	0.640
Xinsp5 (%pred.)	128.72 ± 44.87	96.41 ± 29.10	91.35 ± 22.67	7.125	0.001	0.177	0.007*	0.061	0.947
Xexp5 (%pred.)	105.52 ± 39.22	82.50 ± 38.19	84.58 ± 49.01	2.409	0.097	0.068	0.144	0.510	0.993
Rinsp11 (%pred.)	113.79 ± 26.03	102.81 ± 24.14	111.99 ± 38.37	1.309	0.276	0.038	0.369	0.988	0.749
Rexp11 (%pred.)	134.87 ± 31.08	120.96 ± 32.56	133.98 ± 40.77	1.446	0.242	0.041	0.352	0.998	0.684
Xinsp11 (%pred.)	222.78 ± 570.40	261.89 ± 709.41	1193.80 ± 2146.00	3.723	0.029	0.101	0.990	0.093	0.112
Xexp11 (%pred.)	275.79 ± 442.44	226.64 ± 451.37	1071.80 ± 2189.11	3.556	0.034	0.097	0.980	0.135	0.106
Rinsp19 (%pred.)	111.32 ± 24.92	100.46 ± 20.88	110.05 ± 36.30	1.572	0.215	0.045	0.312	0.993	0.685
Rexp19 (%pred.)	122.89 ± 24.87	110.64 ± 26.32	123.37 ± 34.84	1.791	0.174	0.051	0.296	0.999	0.580
∆Xrs	-0.08 ± 0.21	-0.1 ± 0.19	-0.09 ± 0.23	1	0.97	0.005	0.990	0.982	0.976

Results of ANOVA analysis of variance, Tukey post hoc test. All data are presented as the mean ± SD.

R, resistance; X, reactance; insp, inspiratory; exp, expiratory; ∆Xrs, the differences between inspiratory and expiratory phases of X at 5 Hz.

*p < 0.05 significant differences significant differences in breathing patterns.