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. 2024 Jan 2;3(1):pgad483. doi: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad483

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© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of National Academy of Sciences.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Fig. 3. — April–June changes in MDA8 O₃ (upper panels, A, C, and E) and 24-h averaged PM_2.5 (lower panels, B, D, and F) from 2019 to 2020. A and B) Circles overlaid on model simulated air quality changes represent observed changes from AQS surface monitoring sites with size in proportion to the absolute changes; site-averaged changes ± SD from AQS observations and model estimates are shown above each figure. C–F) Air quality impacts due to emission changes only (C and D) and due to meteorological variability only (E and F); groups of metropolitan areas are shown in black polylines; population-weighted averaged changes ± SD from model grids are shown above each figure.