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. 2023 Dec 20;9(1):52–66. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06696

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Different modules for conventional electrical sources used for immunomodulation. (A) AC electric fields with capacitive characteristics applied to cultured cells via platinum electrodes at different frequencies for promoting M2 polarization. Reproduced with permission from ref (40). Copyright 2022 Elsevier. (B) DC electric fields applied using L-shaped platinum electrodes to macrophages for modulating their phenotype toward M2. Reproduced with permission from ref (42). Copyright 2019 Wiley-VCH. (C) PDMS microfluidic devices incorporated with platinum electrodes connected to DC power supply for providing microcurrents to T cells in the microchannel. (i) Cell culture medium, (ii) platinum electrodes, (iii) PDMS, and (iv) glass substrate. Reproduced with permission from ref (49). Copyright 2011 Royal Society of Chemistry. (D) Setup for the nanosecond pulse generator for generating high electric fields across tumor cells for enhancing phagocytosis by macrophages. Reproduced with permission from ref (55). Copyright 2014 Elsevier.