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Potential mechanisms of macrophage polarization driven by piezoelectric materials. (A) Synergistic effects of electrical stimulation and material morphology for promoting M2 polarization. Reproduced from ref (87). Copyright 2023 American Chemical Society. (B) Electrical stimulation influences influx of Ca2+ ions for driving the translocation of NF-κB which causes M1 polarization. Reproduced with permission from ref (88). Copyright 2021 Wiley.
