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. 2023 Dec 20;9(1):52–66. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06696

Table 1. Summary of Conventional ES Techniques Used for Immunomodulation.

electrical device electrode material stimulus type electric field strength (mV/mm) immune cell model effect on immune cells applications ref
oscilloscope power – AC 58 THP-1 M2 polarization wound healing (40)
DC power supply copper DC 53 THP-1 M2 polarization wound healing (41)
DC generator platinum DC 100 J774A.1 macrophages M2 polarization osteogenesis (42)
square wave pulse electroporator aluminum DC 15 × 104 THP-1, RAW 264.7 macrophages M1 polarization cancer therapy (44)
DC power supply platinum DC 192 human PBMCs migration wound healing (48)
DC power supply platinum DC 700 human PBMCs migration wound healing (49)
sinusoidal wave function generator silver chloride DC 200 human primary macrophages migration wound healing (50)
DC power supply silver chloride DC 3000–15000 human primary macrophages phagocytosis wound healing (57)
nanosecond pulse power generator stainless wire AC 4 × 105 THP-1 phagocytosis cancer therapy (55)
square wave pulse electroporator stainless steel DC 2.1 × 105 mouse B cell lymphoblast, J774A.1 macrophages phagocytosis cancer therapy (59)