| Text box 1. Contributions to the literature |
|---|
| • COVID-19 indirect effects on non-COVID-19 hospital ED visits and associated mortality investigated in Iran. |
| • Due to improved Iranian electronic health record databases, this study uses large data sets for 41 million Iranians across 956 hospitals. |
| • An analysis was conducted both for all-cause and cause-specific conditions: cardiovascular diseases, mental and substance use disorders, unintentional injuries, and self-harm. |
| • In the first wave of COVID-19, the total non-COVID-19 visit rate decreased. Although this decrease persisted in the first year of the pandemic, visit rates increased in the second year after COVID-19 vaccination. |
| • During all the periods after the COVID-19 outbreak, the total non-COVID-19 mortality risk was significantly higher than pre-pandemic. |
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