Fig. 1.

Exosome are small membrane vesicles that are formed by internalization of plasma membrane and formation of early endosomes. The early endosomes transform to late endosomes through maturation, then late endosomes, which termed as multivesicular bodies (MVBs), undergo inward membrane budding intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). MVBs fusion with the plasma membrane leads to release ILVs, or exosomes, into the extracellular space. Exosomes contain various biomolecules depends on the cell type of origin. Lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are the common molecular constituents of the majority of exosomes [67]. Exosomes are also rich in cytokines, growth factor and antioxidant