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. 2024 Jan 12;31:5. doi: 10.1186/s12929-024-00998-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Mechanisms of tumor immune evasion. Tumor cells employ a diverse array of immune evasion mechanisms that curtail the effectiveness of cell-based immunotherapies, such as CAR-T cell therapies. These multifaceted strategies encompass tumor heterogeneity (A), tumor antigen loss (B), antigen presentation downregulation (C), immune checkpoint activation (D), apoptosis resistance (E), antigen masking (F), tumor lineage switch (G), tumor-induced immunosuppression (H), tumor microenvironment (TME) immunosuppression (I), and induction of T cell exhaustion (J)