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. 2024 Jan 11;28:18. doi: 10.1186/s13054-023-04780-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Sepsis/trauma patients have persistent fungal dysbiosis and pathobiome. a Schematic study design. b Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots showing differences in beta-diversity (Bray–Curtis dissimilarity) between control, sepsis and trauma cohorts with PERMANOVA p values between cohorts. Beta-diversity differences between same sex-counterparts of sepsis or trauma versus control with associated p values. c Mycobiome alpha-diversity comparing control, sepsis and trauma cohorts represented by Shannon, observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), and Chao1 index and alpha-diversity comparing males between cohorts or females between cohorts. Intestinal microbiome microbial composition at the d phylum and e genus level between cohorts and separated by sex. M—males; F—females. Data are presented as mean ± SD. *p < 0.05