Table 2.
Subgroup analyses on all available trials
| Depressive symptoms | Generalized anxiety symptoms | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analysis | n | g (95% CI) | I2 | NNT | p | n | g (95% CI) | I2 | NNT | p |
| Control group | 0.003 | 0.216 | ||||||||
| Inactive | 112 | 0.33 (0.27‐0.39) | 68% | 9.5 | 96 | 0.28 (0.23‐0.33) | 48% | 11.4 | ||
| Placebo | 49 | 0.19 (0.11‐0.27) | 70% | 17.4 | 38 | 0.19 (0.11‐0.28) | 55% | 17.4 | ||
| Care as usual | 20 | 0.18 (0.07‐0.27) | 49% | 18.4 | 16 | 0.32 (0.09‐0.54) | 88% | 9.2 | ||
| Sample | <0.001 | 0.080 | ||||||||
| Pre‐selected | 45 | 0.52 (0.38‐0.65) | 88% | 5.2 | 32 | 0.35 (0.23‐0.46) | 62% | 8.9 | ||
| Unselected | 136 | 0.21 (0.17‐0.26) | 56% | 15.6 | 118 | 0.24 (0.18‐0.29) | 64% | 13.5 | ||
| Psychiatric diagnosis | 0.669 | 0.068 | ||||||||
| Yes | 14 | 0.23 (0.05‐0.40) | 60% | 14.2 | 10 | 0.41 (0.24‐0.58) | 35% | 7.5 | ||
| No | 167 | 0.28 (0.23‐0.33) | 73% | 11.4 | 140 | 0.25 (0.20‐0.30) | 65% | 12.9 | ||
| CBT app | 0.003 | 0.147 | ||||||||
| Yes | 86 | 0.35 (0.28‐0.42) | 79% | 8.9 | 59 | 0.30 (0.24‐0.36) | 46% | 10.6 | ||
| No | 95 | 0.21 (0.15‐0.27) | 59% | 15.6 | 91 | 0.23 (0.16‐0.30) | 69% | 14.2 | ||
| Mindfulness app | 0.549 | 0.258 | ||||||||
| Yes | 43 | 0.26 (0.19‐0.33) | 45% | 12.4 | 45 | 0.23 (0.15‐0.30) | 46% | 14.2 | ||
| No | 138 | 0.29 (0.23‐0.34) | 75% | 11.0 | 105 | 0.28 (0.22‐0.35) | 68% | 11.4 | ||
| Cognitive training app | 0.238 | 0.370 | ||||||||
| Yes | 21 | 0.18 (0.02‐0.35) | 66% | 18.4 | 18 | 0.20 (0.07‐0.33) | 39% | 16.5 | ||
| No | 160 | 0.29 (0.24‐0.34) | 73% | 11.0 | 132 | 0.26 (0.21‐0.31) | 65% | 12.4 | ||
| Mood monitoring features | 0.257 | 0.369 | ||||||||
| Yes | 65 | 0.24 (0.19‐0.30) | 44% | 13.5 | 51 | 0.23 (0.17‐0.29) | 33% | 14.2 | ||
| No/Not reported | 116 | 0.29 (0.23‐0.36) | 78% | 11.0 | 99 | 0.27 (0.20‐0.34) | 71% | 11.9 | ||
| Chatbot feature | 0.009 | 0.258 | ||||||||
| Yes | 12 | 0.53 (0.33‐0.74) | 61% | 5.6 | 10 | 0.18 (0.06‐0.31) | 0% | 18.4 | ||
| No/Not reported | 169 | 0.26 (0.21‐0.31) | 72% | 12.4 | 140 | 0.26 (0.21‐0.32) | 66% | 12.4 | ||
| Human guidance offered | 0.936 | 0.477 | ||||||||
| Yes | 27 | 0.29 (0.13‐0.46) | 65% | 11.0 | 18 | 0.37 (0.03‐0.71) | 88% | 8.4 | ||
| No/Not reported | 154 | 0.28 (0.23‐0.32) | 73% | 11.4 | 132 | 0.24 (0.20‐0.29) | 52% | 13.5 | ||
n – number of comparisons, NNT – number needed to treat, CBT – cognitive behavioral therapy