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. 2023 Dec 20;56(1):143–151. doi: 10.1038/s41588-023-01582-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 4 — We downsampled all individuals from a previously published English Neolithic pedigree²⁶ with coverage at least 1x both to 1x and 0.75x. For each coverage, we downsampled 10 times, each with different random seeds, to create 10 replicates. Therefore, not all dots are independent pairs of relatives; they may be the same pair downsampled with different random seeds. The relationship annotations are obtained from Supp. Table 5 of ref. ²⁶. All relatives more distant than 3rd degree are depicted as hollow dots.

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