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. 2024 Jan 12;14:1196. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-51669-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Clustering of subsystems within the complex organism. A possible extension of the model would be to attribute each subsystem to certain compartments or clusters (indicated by different colors) of highly connected subsystems that relate to higher order of organizational functionalities, e.g. one cluster represents the cardiovascular system, another cluster represents the respiratory system and so forth.