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. 2024 Jan 12;15(1):41. doi: 10.1038/s41419-024-06437-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — A Periostin upregulation in the livers of patients with liver fibrosis in a NAFLD-related cohort. B Kaplan–Meier survival curves demonstrated that high Periostin levels in the liver were associated with a poorer overall prognosis compared to low Periostin levels in liver fibrosis patients infected with HBV (left). Predictive performance of liver Periostin levels in predicting the survival time of these patients with liver fibrosis (right). C HCV-infected liver fibrosis patients with high levels of Periostin in the liver exhibited an increased probability of developing HCC. D Sirius red staining was used to assess the extent of fibrosis in human samples from indicated groups. The data were quantified (n = 6 per group) (Scale bar: 100 μm). E, F Western blot and qPCR analyses revealed increased levels of Periostin, Col-I, and α-SMA in human liver samples with fibrosis. G Immunofluorescence staining showed that elevated Periostin is predominantly localized in α-SMA-positive regions of human fibrotic liver sections (Scale bar: 50 μm). H ELISA revealed the serum Periostin levels in normal control individuals and patients with liver fibrosis (n = 10 per group). All results are shown as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001. NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, HBV hepatitis B virus; HCV hepatitis C virus; HCC hepatocellular carcinoma; Col-I Collagen-I.