Fig. 2.

Voluntary RW exercise partially alleviated TBI-induced spatial learning and memory impairments indicated by MWM test. Two-way RM ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test were employed for the MWM test. a–c: the escape latency of mice in the training period from 1 to 5 days. a:*p < 0.05, the Sham RW group vs. the TBI RW group; ^###p < 0.001, the Sham SED group vs. the TBI SED group; ^$p < 0.05, the Sham SED group vs. the TBI RW group. b: *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, the Sham R group vs. the TBI NR group; ^###p < 0.001, the Sham NR group vs. the TBI NR group; c: *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, the Sham PS NR group vs. the TBI PS NR group; ^###p < 0.001, the Sham PR group vs. the TBI PS NR group. d–f The number of target platform crossings in the target platform during the probe test. g–i Target of quadrant time of mice in probe testing. j–l Mean swimming speed (cm/sec) of mice during probe test. Data are expressed as Mean ± SD (n = 9)