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. 2023 Jun 28;274(1):45–58. doi: 10.1007/s00406-023-01632-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Path diagrams (including standardized regression coefficients and 95% confidence intervals) of the mediation analyses demonstrating that the associations between polygenic risk score for ADHD at p-value threshold of 1 (PRS-ADHD) and total ADHD (a, d), inattention (b, e), and hyperactivity-impulsivity symptom scores (c, f, g) are mediated by mean reaction time (MRT) (a–c), intra-individual coefficient of variation of reaction time (IRT) (d–f), and cluster-average activity in the left temporal pole and anterior parahippocampal gyrus during failed inhibition (g). Path “a” represents the effect of PRS-ADHD on the mediator. Path “b” represents the impact of the mediator on ADHD symptom scores controlling for the PRS-ADHD effect. Together, Path “a” and Path “b” represent the indirect (mediated) effect of PRS-ADHD on ADHD symptom scores through the mediator. Path “c” represents the direct effect of PRS-ADHD on ADHD symptom scores and is calculated controlling for the indirect, mediated effect. Path “c” represents the total (mediated and direct) effect of PRS-ADHD on ADHD symptom scores. The asterisks indicate significance using FDR-correction († p-uncorrected < 0.05, * p-FDR < 0.05, ** p-FDR < 0.01, *** p-FDR < 0.001). See also Supplementary Tables 4–5. β, standardized regression coefficients; CI, 95% confidence intervals