Table 2.
Motor performance fatigue and recovery (maximal squat jump height) as well as balance performance (sway distance, sway velocity), physiological responses (muscle activity, SmO2, tHb), and perceptual responses (ratings of effort perception, exercise-induced leg muscle pain) during the balance exercise in the different conditions (80% AOP, 40% AOP, SHAM). Data are expressed as means ± standard deviations
| Parameter | Time point | Condition | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80% AOP | 40% AOP | SHAM | ||
| Maximal squat jump height (%-change from baseline) | Post 0 min | − 16.4 ± 5.2###,††† | − 9.1 ± 3.2†† | − 5.4 ± 3.3 |
| Post 1 min | − 9.5 ± 4.8##,††† | − 5.9 ± 4.6 | − 3.9 ± 4.4 | |
| Post 2 min | − 5.0 ± 3.8 | − 4.8 ± 2.8 | − 2.5 ± 3.6 | |
| Post 4 min | − 4.3 ± 3.8 | − 4.1 ± 3.4 | − 2.0 ± 2.9 | |
| Post 8 min | − 3.2 ± 3.4 | − 2.6 ± 3.1 | − 1.0 ± 2.9 | |
| Balance performance | ||||
| Sway distance [cm] | Set 1 | 65.9 ± 14.8 | 64.9 ± 18.2 | 63.7 ± 15.9 |
| Set 2 | 65.6 ± 12.4 | 63.9 ± 13.4 | 64.3 ± 12.8 | |
| Set 3 | 68.8 ± 12.2 | 61.7 ± 12.1 | 63.6 ± 12.4 | |
| Sway velocity [° · s−1] | Set 1 | 0.93 ± 0.20 | 0.91 ± 0.25 | 0.90 ± 0.23 |
| Set 2 | 0.93 ± 0.17 | 0.90 ± 0.19 | 0.91 ± 0.18 | |
| Set 3 | 0.98 ± 0.19 | 0.87 ± 0.17 | 0.89 ± 0.17 | |
| Muscle activity [% of MVIC− sEMG] | ||||
| Quadriceps | Set 1 | 14.7 ± 5.4 | 14.1 ± 6.1 | 14.1 ± 4.5 |
| Set 2 | 15.6 ± 6.6 | 13.0 ± 5.3 | 12.8 ± 4.7 | |
| Set 3 | 17.3 ± 7.9###,††† | 13.1 ± 5.3 | 12.9 ± 4.8 | |
| Hamstrings | Set 1 | 7.4 ± 4.8 | 7.8 ± 5.4 | 6.9 ± 5.0 |
| Set 2 | 6.8 ± 4.6 | 7.4 ± 5.3 | 6.7 ± 4.6 | |
| Set 3 | 6.9 ± 4.5 | 7.4 ± 5.7 | 6.8 ± 4.9 | |
| Tibialis | Set 1 | 11.6 ± 9.8 | 12.8 ± 9.7 | 17.7 ± 22.3 |
| Set 2 | 10.2 ± 9.5 | 9.0 ± 6.2 | 14.1 ± 18.8 | |
| Set 3 | 10.4 ± 9.3 | 9.2 ± 6.4 | 14.3 ± 19.5 | |
| Triceps surae | Set 1 | 11.9 ± 5.3 | 15.4 ± 8.5 | 14.1 ± 7.9 |
| Set 2 | 10.8 ± 4.2 | 13.3 ± 6.7 | 13.0 ± 7.0 | |
| Set 3 | 11.2 ± 3.6 | 12.9 ± 6.3 | 13.0 ± 7.5 | |
| SmO2 [%] (%-change from baseline) | Set 1 | − 36.4 ± 23.4###,††† | − 14.6 ± 16.6†† | 5.6 ± 14.9 |
| Set 2 | − 50.7 ± 26.6###,††† | − 14.9 ± 12.4†† | 5.8 ± 13.8 | |
| Set 3 | − 52.7 ± 23.2###,††† | − 17.9 ± 11.5††† | 6.5 ± 14.6 | |
| tHb [a. u.] (%-change from baseline) | Set 1 | 3.2 ± 4.1 | 2.6 ± 4.9 | 1.8 ± 2.9 |
| Set 2 | 4.3 ± 4.0†† | 3.2 ± 5.1 | 2.1 ± 4.2 | |
| Set 3 | 4.9 ± 4.2††† | 3.6 ± 5.1 | 1.9 ± 4.0 | |
| Effort perception [a. u.] | Set 1 | 11.6 ± 2.4##,††† | 10.6 ± 2.0 | 8.4 ± 1.9 |
| Set 2 | 13.8 ± 1.9###,††† | 10.5 ± 2.3† | 8.3 ± 2.1 | |
| Set 3 | 15.5 ± 2.4###,††† | 11.1 ± 2.6† | 9.5 ± 2.4 | |
| Exercise-induced leg muscle pain [a. u.] | Set 1 | 12.3 ± 2.4###,††† | 9.2 ± 2.3† | 7.4 ± 1.8 |
| Set 2 | 14.5 ± 2.4###,††† | 10.6 ± 2.5†† | 8.5 ± 2.3 | |
| Set 3 | 16.4 ± 2.5###,††† | 11.8 ± 2.8††† | 9.0 ± 2.7 | |
AOP arterial occlusion pressure; a.u. arbitrary unit; sEMG surface electromyography; SmO2 muscle oxygen saturation; tHb total hemoglobin
Differences between conditions at specific time points: significant difference to 40% AOP (#p < 0.05, ##p < 0.01, ###p < 0.001); significant difference to SHAM (†p < 0.05, ††p < 0.01, †††p < 0.001)