Table 1.
Characteristics of study population at advanced HF diagnosis.
| eGFR at advanced HF diagnosis (mL/min/1.73 m2) | Overall (N=936) | <30 (N=207) | 30–44 (N=210) | 45–59 (N=219) | 60+ (N=300) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 76.9 (14.6) | 78.1 (13.0) | 80.8 (11.4) | 77.8 (12.6) | 72.6 (17.6) | <0.001 |
| Female, n (%) | 417 (44.6) | 102 (49.3) | 89 (42.4) | 94 (42.9) | 132 (44.0) | 0.47 |
| Race | 0.18 | |||||
| White, n (%) | 876 (93.7) | 190 (91.8) | 201 (95.7) | 201 (91.8) | 284 (95.0) | |
| Other, n (%) | 59 (6.3) | 17 (8.2) | 9 (4.3) | 18 (8.2) | 15 (5.0) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity, n (%) | 15 (1.6) | 4 (1.9) | 4 (1.9) | 2 (0.9) | 5 (1.7) | 0.83 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 30.6 (8.4) | 30.4 (7.6) | 30.2 (7.7) | 31.3 (8.9) | 30.3 (9.0) | 0.56 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 829 (88.6) | 194 (93.7) | 187 (89.1) | 201 (91.8) | 247 (82.3) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 684 (73.1) | 156 (75.4) | 157 (74.8) | 164 (74.9) | 207 (69.0) | 0.29 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 661 (70.6) | 153 (73.9) | 160 (76.2) | 155 (70.8) | 193 (64.3) | 0.019 |
| Depression, n (%) | 257 (27.5) | 57 (27.5) | 54 (25.7) | 57 (26.0) | 89 (29.7) | 0.73 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 415 (44.3) | 108 (52.2) | 94 (44.8) | 92 (42.0) | 121 (40.3) | 0.055 |
| COPD, n (%) | 537 (57.4) | 122 (58.9) | 112 (53.3) | 141 (64.4) | 162 (54.0) | 0.060 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, n (%) | 487 (52.0) | 129 (62.3) | 111 (52.9) | 118 (53.9) | 129 (43.0) | <0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 217 (23.2) | 57 (27.5) | 46 (21.9) | 53 (24.2) | 61 (20.3) | 0.27 |
| Dementia, n (%) | 65 (6.9) | 15 (7.3) | 17 (8.1) | 11 (5.0) | 22 (7.3) | 0.62 |
| Charlson score, mean (SD) | 5.0 (2.5) | 6.2 (2.4) | 5.3 (2.3) | 4.9 (2.5) | 4.0 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.172 | |||||
| Never | 585 (63.6) | 134 (66.0) | 132 (63.8) | 136 (63.9) | 183 (61.6) | |
| Current | 73 (7.9) | 14 (6.9) | 10 (4.8) | 15 (7.0) | 34 (11.5) | |
| Former | 262 (28.5) | 55 (27.1) | 65 (31.4) | 62 (29.1) | 80 (26.9) | |
| EF | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 43.5 (17.6) | 45.4 (16.1) | 43.6 (18.0) | 42.9 (17.5) | 42.6 (18.4) | 0.33 |
| <50%, n (%) | 530 (56.6) | 114 (55.1) | 115 (54.8) | 123 (56.2) | 178 (59.3) | |
| ≥50%, n (%) | 406 (43.4) | 93 (44.9) | 95 (45.2) | 96 (43.8) | 122 (40.7) | |
| Systolic BP, mean (SD) | 129.5 (26.1) | 133.3 (30.8) | 127.8 (25.8) | 125.5 (24.6) | 130.9 (23.3) | 0.011 |
| Labs | ||||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 1.59 (0.97) | 2.86 (1.30) | 1.66 (0.29) | 1.27 (0.20) | 0.91 (0.20) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL, mean (SD) | 11.4 (2.0) | 10.6 (1.9) | 11.1 (1.7) | 11.8 (2.0) | 11.8 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL, mean (SD) | 10519 (11618) | 18274 (15211) | 11090 (10653) | 7679 (7203) | 6563 (8635) | <0.001 |
| Potassium, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 4.4 (0.6) | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.4 (0.6) | 4.4 (0.6) | 4.2 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Bicarbonate, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 26.8 (5.0) | 24.5 (4.5) | 26.8 (4.8) | 27.8 (5.2) | 27.7 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Phosphorus, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.4 (1.2) | 4.0 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.9) | 3.6 (0.8) | <0.001 |
| Magnesium, mg/dL, mean (SD) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.3) | <0.001 |
| Medications at advanced HF | ||||||
| ACE/ARB/ARNi, n (%) | 572 (61.1) | 122 (58.9) | 119 (56.7) | 137 (62.6) | 194 (64.7) | 0.27 |
| Beta blockers, n (%) | 699 (74.7) | 161 (77.8) | 155 (73.8) | 156 (71.2) | 227 (75.7) | 0.45 |
| MRA, n (%) | 146 (15.6) | 22 (10.6) | 25 (11.9) | 48 (21.9) | 51 (17.0) | 0.004 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 744 (79.5) | 173 (83.6) | 169 (80.5) | 176 (80.4) | 226 (75.3) | 0.14 |
| Thiazide diuretic, n (%) | 171 (18.3) | 47 (22.7) | 37 (17.6) | 34 (15.5) | 53 (17.7) | 0.27 |
Missing data: 1 patient was missing race, 9 BMI, 16 smoking status, 184 NT-proBNP, 5 bicarbonate, 197 phosphorus, 65 magnesium.
ACE/ARB/ARNi: angiotensin converting enzyme/angiotensin receptor blocker/angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor, BMI: body mass index, COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate, HF: heart failure, MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, NT-proBNP: N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, SD: standard deviation.