Table 2.

Outcome Measures with Moderate Pragmatic Characteristics

Primary Outcomes Measures with Moderate Pragmatic Characteristics (n=9)
Outcome	ACP Domain	Key Pragmatic Characteristics	Reference
Intention to write a care plan	Process	3 item, moderate data capture burden, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Bonner et al (2021)
Written care plan about CPR, MV, and TF	Action	Dichotomous (yes/no) 3-item questionnaire, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Bonner et al (2021)
Quality of life–visual analog scale (EQ-VAS)	Healthcare	Low completion time (<5 minutes), easy to score/interpret, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Husebø et al (2019)
Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia	Healthcare	19 items, scored 0–2 scale, moderate data capture burden, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Hilgeman et al (2014)
Do-Not-Rehospitalize (DNH) Directives	Healthcare	Single item, has potential to be embedded if a standardized EHR tool is utilized.	Mitchell et al (2018)
Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC)	Quality of Care	Single item, easy to score/interpret, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Aasmul et al (2018)
Healthcare provider-surrogate goal concordance	Quality of Care	Single item, moderate data capture burden, may be challenging to embed and extract from EHR	Hanson et al (2017)
Quality of Communication (QOC) scores	Quality of Care	13 item, scored 0–10 scale, moderate data capture burden, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Hanson et al (2017) Gabbard et al (2021)
Treatment consistent with wishes (ACP problem score)	Quality of Care	3 item, moderate data capture burden, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Hanson et al (2017)
Secondary Outcomes Measures with Moderate Pragmatic Characteristics (n=8)
ACP Forms (AD/Living will, MOLST/POLST) Completion Rates	Action	Moderate data capture burden, though most EHRs have embedded ways to extract upload rates	Gabbard et al (2021) Overbeek et al (2018) Mitchell et al (2018)
Healthcare Cost	Healthcare	Routinely collected in the EHR, no survey delivery burden, but can be labor intensive to analysis data	Lamppu et al (2021)
Mobilization-Observation-Behavior-Intensity-Dementia–2 pain scale	Healthcare	10 item scale, easy to score/interrupt but requires proxy assessment which would make challenging to embed	Husebø et al (2019)
Pain and distress	Healthcare	2 items, low data capture burden, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Sampson et al (2011)
Physical self-maintenance scale for activities of daily living (ADL)	Healthcare	6 items, easy to score/interpret, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Husebø et al (2019)
Place of death	Healthcare	Single item, often EHR data if dies within hospital/network but could be challenging if other locations	Brazil et al (2018)
Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire (PSQ-18)	Quality of Care	18 item, low completion time (<5 minutes), moderate data capture burden, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Overbeek et al (2018),
Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGIC)	Quality of Care	Single item, easy to score/interpret, has potential to be embedded into EHR	Husebø et al (2019)