Table 3.
Housing insecurity and Long COVID by prior-year income and education level among adults with history of confirmed COVID-19 in the United States, September 2022–April 2023.
| Prior-Year Income (USD) |
Education Level |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| $0k – $50k | $50k – $100k | $100k+ | High School or Less | Some College | College Graduate | |
| Difficulty with Household Expenses | ||||||
| No Long COVIDa | 0.26 (0.25, 0.27) | 0.13 (0.12, 0.13) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.05) | 0.21 (0.20, 0.22) | 0.16 (0.15, 0.16) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.06) |
| Long COVIDa | 0.38 (0.36, 0.39) | 0.21 (0.19, 0.22) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.09) | 0.31 (0.29, 0.32) | 0.25 (0.24, 0.26) | 0.13 (0.12, 0.14) |
| Risk Difference | 0.12 (0.10, 0.14) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.09) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.11) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.10) | 0.06 (0.06, 0.07) |
| Prevalence Ratio |
1.45 (1.37, 1.53) |
1.62 (1.50, 1.75) |
1.90 (1.66, 2.16) |
1.47 (1.35 1.59) |
1.60 (1.51 1.69) |
2.24 (2.09 2.41) |
| Behind on Housing Payments | ||||||
| No Long COVIDa | 0.09 (0.08, 0.10) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.05) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.08) | 0.05 (0.05, 0.06) | 0.02 (0.02, 0.02) |
| Long COVIDa | 0.14 (0.13, 0.15) | 0.07 (0.06, 0.08) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.11 (0.10, 0.12) | 0.09 (0.09, 0.10) | 0.04 (0.04, 0.05) |
| Risk Difference | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04) | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.02) |
| Prevalence Ratio |
1.51 (1.36, 1.68) |
1.46 (1.27, 1.69) |
1.79 (1.39, 2.30) |
1.43 (1.24, 1.66) |
1.69 (1.53, 1.88) |
1.98 (1.76, 2.24) |
| Risk of Eviction or Foreclosure | ||||||
| No Long COVIDa | 0.03 (0.03, 0.04) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.00) | 0.08 (0.07, 0.08) | 0.05 (0.05, 0.06) | 0.02 (0.02, 0.02) |
| Long COVIDa | 0.06 (0.05, 0.07) | 0.02 (0.02, 0.02) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 0.11 (0.10, 0.12) | 0.09 (0.09, 0.10) | 0.04 (0.04, 0.05) |
| Risk Difference | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.01) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.01 (0.01, 0.02) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.01) |
| Prevalence Ratio | 1.94 (1.62, 2.32) | 1.78 (1.28, 2.47) | 2.74 (1.09, 6.90) | 1.88 (1.45, 2.44) | 2.09 (1.74, 2.51) | 3.57 (2.67, 4.78) |
All estimates and marginal effects adjusted for age, gender, and survey week.
a
Predicted probability calculated as the estimated marginal mean value of the binary outcome (0–1).