Table 1.
Baseline characteristics grouped according to SHR levels
| Variables | Total | Groups (group 1–7) divided by SHR | P value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 0.50 | 0.50–0.74 | 0.75–0.99 | 1.00–1.24 | 1.25–1.49 | 1.50–1.74 | ≥ 1.75 | |||
| Sample, % | 8268 (100) | 286 (3.5) | 1018 (12.3) | 2854 (34.5) | 1904 (23.0) | 996 (12.0) | 530 (6.4) | 680 (8.2) | |
| Age, year | 72.4 (62.9–81.5) | 68.1 (58.2–76.1) | 72.3 (62.5–81.4) | 73.3 (63.3–82.1) | 72.8 (63.4–41.7) | 72.9 (63.6–82.2) | 72.1 (65.1–80.1) | 70.5 (61.2–79.4) | < 0.001 |
| Male, % | 4665 (56.4) | 163 (57.0) | 579 (56.9) | 1646 (57. 7) | 1079 (56. 7) | 535 (53.7) | 281 (53.0) | 382 (56.2) | 0.279 |
| Vital Signs | |||||||||
| SBP, mmHg | 114 (106–127) | 116 (106–131) | 114(105–126) | 114 (1056 − 125) | 115 (106–126) | 115(106–129) | 115 (107–128) | 115 (106–128) | 0.121 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 82 (73–92) | 81 (71–91) | 81(72–91) | 81 (72–90) | 82 (73–92) | 83 (74–93 | 85 (76–95) | 84 (73–94) | < 0.001 |
| Temperature, ℃ | 36.7 (36.5–37.0) | 36.7 (36.4–36.9) | 36.7 (36.5–36.9) | 36.7 (36.5–37.0) | 36.7 (36.5–37.0) | 36.8 (36.6–37.0) | 36.8 (36.6–37.0) | 36.8 (36.6–37.0) | < 0.001 |
| RR, bpm | 19 (17–21) | 18 (16–20) | 18 (17–21) | 19 (17–21) | 19 (17–22) | 19 (17–22) | 19 (17–22) | 20 (17–22) | < 0.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||||
| Acute HF, % | 5564 (67.3) | 205 (71.7) | 708 (69.6) | 1787 (62.6) | 1281 (67.3) | 703 (70.6) | 382 (72.1) | 498 (73.2) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension,% | 5708 (69.0) | 195 (68.2) | 726 (71.3) | 1974 (69.2) | 1323 (69.5) | 668 (67.1) | 369 (69.6) | 453 (66.6) | 0.367 |
| AF, % | 4669 (56.5) | 148 (51.8) | 589 (57.9) | 1681 (58.9) | 1078 (56.6) | 537 (53.9) | 295 (55.7) | 341 (50.2) | < 0.001 |
| AMI, % | 1823 (22.1) | 63 (22.0) | 207 (20.3) | 491 (17.2) | 422 (22.2) | 253 (25.4) | 160 (30.2) | 227 (33.4) | < 0.001 |
| OMI, % | 2518 (30.5) | 108 (37.8) | 325 (31.9) | 815 (28.6) | 557 (29.3) | 299 (30.0) | 182 (34.3) | 232 (34.1) | < 0.001 |
| NICM, % | 1171 (14.16) | 42 (14.7) | 166 (16.3) | 383 (13.4) | 249 (13.1) | 141 (14.2 | 79 (14.9) | 111 (16.3) | 0.129 |
| T2DM, % | 4687 (56.7) | 272 (95.1) | 703 (69.1) | 1252 (43.9) | 970 (51.0) | 596 (60.0) | 374 (70.6) | 520 (76.5) | < 0.001 |
| Stroke, % | 2764 (33.4) | 90 (31.5) | 344 (33.8) | 969 (33.9) | 625 (32.8) | 340 (34.1) | 167 (31.5) | 229 (33.7) | 0.886 |
| CKD, % | 4211 (50.9) | 228 (79.7) | 598 (58.7) | 1326 (46.5) | 899 (47.2) | 472 (47.4) | 286 (54.0) | 402 (59.1) | < 0.001 |
| Laboratory tests | |||||||||
| NT-pro BNP, pg/mL |
2482 (821–6745) |
3061 (922-10085) |
2465 (787–6743) |
2538 (874–6712) |
2372 (833–6138) |
2464 (834–7020) |
2424 (720–7906) |
2575 (750–7428) |
0.490 |
| SCr, mg/dL | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.30 (0.9–2.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.1 (0.9–1.6) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | < 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 21 (15–32) | 25 (17–39) | 22 (15–33) | 20 (15–30) | 21 (15–31) | 21 (15–32) | 23 (16–35) | 25 (17–39) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 128 (103–176) | 75 (60–97) | 94 (83–116) | 108 (98–124) | 136 (121–160) | 171 (149–206) | 211 (183–254) | 303 (246–382) | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % | 6.1 (5.6-7.0) | 8.6 (7.2–10.6) | 6.6 (6.0–8.0) | 5.9 (5.6–6.5) | 5.9 (5.5–6.7) | 6.0 (5.5–6.9) | 6.2 (5.6–7.1) | 6.4 (5.7–7.4) | < 0.001 |
| Medical History | |||||||||
| Insulin use, % | 3445 (41.7) | 222 (77.6) | 546 (53.6) | 931 (32.6) | 697 (36.6) | 419 (42.1) | 260 (49.1) | 370 (54.4) | < 0.001 |
| LD use, % | 7565 (91.5) | 266 (93.0) | 944 (92.7) | 2631 (92.2) | 1728 (90.8) | 905 (90.9) | 482 (90.9) | 609 (89.6) | 0.128 |
| Vasopressor, % | 3632 (43.9) | 111 (38.8) | 429 (42.1) | 1324 (46.4) | 801 (42.1) | 442 (44.4) | 220 (41.5) | 305 (44.9) | 0.016 |
| MV, % | 6741 (81.5) | 222 (77.6) | 806 (79.2) | 2331 (81.7) | 1557 (81.8) | 829 (83.2) | 434 (81.9) | 562 (82.7) | 0.158 |
| RRT 1st 24 h, % | 491 (5.9) | 45 (15.7) | 71 (7.0) | 125 (4.4) | 102 (5.4) | 50 (5.0) | 40 (7.6) | 58 (8.5) | < 0.001 |
SHR: stress hyperglycemia ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; RR: respiratory rate; HF: heart failure; AF: atrial fibrillation; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; OMI: old myocardial infarction; NICM: non-ischemic cardiomyopathy; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; CKD: chronic kidney injury; Nt-pro BNP: N-terminal forebrain natriuretic peptide; SCr: serum creatinine; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; LD: loop diuretics; MV: mechanical ventilation; RRT: renal replacement treatment