Table 2.

Researches Based on Anti-CD69 Antibody for Cancer Treatment

Cancer Model	Interventions and Combination	Cancer Progression	Mechanism	Reference
BALB/c mice bearing CT26 CRC; C57BL/6 mice bearing MC38-OVA or B16-OVA Melanoma	Anti-mouse CD69 (H1.2F3) and anti-PD-1, anti-Gal mAbs	Anti-CD69 alone leading to enhanced anti-tumor immune responses. Combined use showed an efficient antitumor effect.	CD69 deficiency attenuates TOX expression in tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes likely through an NFAT-dependent pathway, promoted generation of functional terminally differentiated CD8+ T cells.	[82]
BALB/c mice bearing RCC	Dendritic cell-based vaccine and anti-CD69 mAb	Combination therapy resulted in significant decrease in tumor volume	Dendritic cell-based vaccine presents tumor antigen to T cells and stimulates T cell activation. Addition of anti-CD69 antibody further induces T-cell activation and proliferation via cross-linking of CD69 on T cells, thereby increasing anticancer efficacy.	[55]
C57BL/6 mice bearing RMA-S lymphoma, C57BL/6 mice bearing RM-1 PCa lung metastases	Anti-CD69 mAb (H1.2F3)	Application of anti-CD69 mAb drastically reduced tumor metastases	Targeting CD69 results in reduced production of TGF-β and enhanced NK cell antitumor activity.	[83]
BALB/c bearing 4T1-luc2 breast cancer	Anti-CD69 mAb (H1.2F3)	Anti-CD69 antibody treatment resulted in a significant reduction of tumor growth	Targeting CD69 attenuates CD69-mediated T cell retainment within the tumor, leading to increased numbers of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and reduction of exhausted T cells.	[53]

Abbreviations: CRC, colorectal carcinoma; mAb, monoclonal antibody; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; PCa, prostatic carcinoma; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β.