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. 2024 Jan 13;14:1244. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-51715-2

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The expression of ANRIL regarding CAD, T2D, and the history of familial CAD. (A–C) for exon one, (D–F) for exons five-six, and G, H, and I for exon 19 detection. The expression of ANRIL using E1 and E19 primers was significantly lower in CAD vs non-CAD (A, G) while E5-6 primers revealed a non-significant decrease (D). (B, E, H) The expression of ANRIL in the presence and absence of T2D and CAD. T2D contributes to higher expression of ANRIL. E5-6 detection revealed a considerable downregulation of ANRIL in CAD patients compared to non-CAD ones and displayed a significantly higher expression of ANRIL in subjects with diabetes I. (C, F, I) The expression of ANRIL regarding familial CAD. E19 primers detected significant downregulation of ANRIL in patients with CAD as well as in those having a history of familial CAD, compared to the control group. One-way ANOVA was performed to compare expression between different categories (the respective P-values are indicated below each graph). Multiple comparison tests were also applied by comparing the mean of each column with the mean of every other column and were corrected by Turkey test (asterisks represent for multiple comparison tests). The presence and absence of each disease is depicted by + and − signs in front of each status in x axis (B, C, E, F, H, I). P values ≤ 0.0001 are given ****, while P ≤ 0.001, P ≤ 0.01, and P ≤ 0.05 are given ***, **, and * respectively. ANRIL, antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4A locus; CAD, Coronary Artery Disease; T2D, Type 2 Diabetes.