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. 2024 Jan 13;15(1):45. doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-06416-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — A GSC#1-shScr or GSC#1-shIFITM3 were cultivated for 24 h, of which culture media were harvested for cytokine detection using angiogenesis antibody array. B GSC#2 cells were fractionated into IFITM3+ or IFITM3-groups, and angiogenic cytokines were measured. C Bar charts show markedly altered cytokines of (A) and (B). D Secreted bFGF levels of GSC#1–5 were measured using Elisa assay. E Representative immunofluorescent images with bFGF (red) staining of GSC#1-shScr and GSC#1-shIFITM3. F-actin (green) is stained with phalloidin. Nuclei are counterstained with Dapi (blue). Scale bar = 50 μm. F Angiogenic abilities of fractionated IFITM3⁻ and IFITM3⁺ GSCs are measured, with the latter cells treated with manipulated bFGF downregulation. G Intracranial xenograft models are constructed with GSC#1-shScr and GSC#1-shIFITM3. Tumor sizes are monitored by in vivo imaging. H Representative immunofluorescence images staining for IFITM3 (green) and bFGF (red) and in GSC#1-shScr or GSC#1-shIFITM3 xenografts. I Representative immunofluorescence images staining for IFITM3 (green), bFGF (red), and CD34 (purple) in human GBM samples. J Schematic illustration of GSCs-mediated glioma angiogenesis through IFITM3-JAK/STAT-bFGF signaling pathway. Results are represented as Mean ± SD of biologically triplicate assays. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. ns not significant.