Giordana 1984.

Methods	Randomisation: randomised (participants were drawn by lots into two groups of treatment, with always 4 participants balanced). Blinding: double‐blind. Duration: 3 weeks. Design: parallel. Location: not indicated. Setting: inpatients and outpatients.
Participants	Diagnosis: paranoid schizophrenia (N = 16), hebephrenic schizophrenia (N = 5), simple schizophrenia (N = 5), dysthymic schizophrenia (N = 4). N = 30. Gender: male and female, no further details available. Age: mean 36.8 years. History: duration stable: not indicated, duration of illness: mean 11 years, number of previous hospitalisations: not indicated, age at onset: not indicated, severity of illness: mean BPRS at baseline 65, baseline antipsychotic dose: not indicated.
Interventions	1. Haloperidol: flexible dose, dose range: "initial dose 15 mg/day", mean dose: not indicated. N = 15. 2. Pipotiazine: flexible dose, dose range: "initial dose 15 mg/day", mean dose: not indicated. N = 15.
Outcomes	Examined: Clinically important response to treatment: Global evaluation of the efficacy of both drugs. Mental state specific: Psychopathology according to the AMDP‐system (depersonalisation, conceptual disorganisation, delusional and hallucinatory syndrome).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Low risk	Randomised (participants were drawn by lots into two groups of treatment, with always 4 participants balanced).
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	No further details.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) (performance bias)	Low risk	“Double‐blind”. indistinguishable medication.
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias) (detection bias)	Unclear risk	“Double‐blind”. No further details.
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) All outcomes	Unclear risk	The study did not address this outcome; insufficient information to permit judgment concerning incomplete outcome data.
Selective reporting (reporting bias)	Unclear risk	The outcome data were not fully addressed (no SDs were available regarding the hallucinatory syndrome measured by the AMDP system).
Other bias	Unclear risk	Insufficient information to assess whether an important risk of bias exists.