Table 2.
Recent therapeutic agents and target pathways in ARDS
| Therapeutic agents/effect | Target pathways | Preclinical studies | Clinical trials |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-inflammation | |||
| Glycyrrhizin | TLR2 | [229] | None |
| Omeprazole | TLR3/4/7/8 | [230] | None |
| Cirsilineol | TLR4/NF-κB | [227] | None |
| Diacerein | TLR4/NF-κB | [115] | None |
| Taurine | TLR4/NF-κB | [228] | None |
| Glibenclamide | NLRP3 inflammasome | [231] | None |
| Tetracycline | NLRP3 inflammasome | [232] | NCT04079426 |
| 4-hydroxynonena | NLRP3 inflammasome | [233] | None |
| Dexmedetomidine | HMGB1 | [234] | NCT04358627 |
| Calycosin | HMGB1 | [235] | None |
| Tanreqing | HMGB1 | [236] | None |
| RU.521 | cGAS-STING | [237] | None |
| H-151 | cGAS-STING | [238] | None |
| Chrysosplenol D | MAPK/NF-κB | [239] | None |
| Daphnetin | MAPK/NF-κB | [165] | None |
| Inula japonica | MAPK/NF-κB | [102] | None |
| BAP31 | MyD88/NF-κB | [240] | None |
| Schisandrin B | MyD88/NF-κB | [241] | None |
| Loganin | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [242] | None |
| Dapagliflozin | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [243] | None |
| Hederasaponin C | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [244] | None |
| Artesunate | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [245] | None |
| Syringaresinol | NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome | [246] | None |
| Simvastatin | NF-κB | [247] | ISRCTN88244364 |
| Sivelestat | NF-κB | [248] | NCT04973670 |
| Methotrexate | JAK2/STAT3 | [254] | None |
| Pterostilbene | JAK2/STAT3 | [255] | None |
| Berberine | JAK2/STAT3 | [256] | None |
| Nicotinamide | MAPK | [101] | None |
| Irigenin | MAPK | [259] | None |
| β-Caryophyllene | MAPK | [260] | None |
| Dilmapimod | MAPK | - | NCT00996840 |
| Vitamin-D | ER stress | [262] | NCT03096314 |
| AEDS | ER stress | [263] | None |
| Protecting alveolar-capillary barrier function | |||
| Oxypeucedanin | PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, MAPK | [265] | None |
| Forsythiae | TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB | [266] | None |
| AL-1 | NLRP3 inflammasome | [267] | None |
| Pazopanib | MAP3K2 and MAP3K3 | [268] | None |
| Ruscogenin | TLR4/Src | [170] | None |
| Verdiperstat | Myeloperoxidase/μ-calpain/β-catenin | [269] | None |
| Blebbistatin | Wnt5a/β-catenin | [270] | None |
| Necrostatin-1 | RIPK1 | [273] | None |
| Aloperine | RIPK1/RIPK3 | [274] | None |
| AFC promotion | |||
| AP301 | ENaC | [281] | NCT03567577 |
| RCTR1 | cAMP/PI3K/AKT | [285] | None |
| MCTR1 | cAMP/PI3K/AKT | [204] | None |
| Aldosterone | cAMP/PI3K/AKT | [203] | None |
| Ursodeoxycholic acid | cAMP/PI3K/AKT | [286] | None |
| Anti-oxidation | |||
| Panaxydol | Nrf2/HO-1 | [291] | None |
| Melatonin | Nrf2/HO-1 | [292] | None |
| Sitagliptin | Nrf2/HO-1 | [293] | None |
| Quercetin | NOX2 | [294] | None |
| Apocynin | NOX2 | [295] | None |
| VAS2870 | NOX2 | [215] | None |
| G137831 | NOX1/4 | [296] | None |