Fig. 12.

View of the brain–body interaction in response to noise stress. Activation of the HPA axis and the sympathetic system triggers the release of different stress hormones (dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and cortisol), leading to oxidative stress and inflammation and the modulation of behavioral and neuronal processes, (e.g., physical exercise [264] or smoking) [135]. Tau phosphorylation and Aβ accumulation by noise promote dementia and stroke. Modified from Ref. [125] with permission and created with BioRender.com.