Table 2.
Characteristics of the identified original studies investigating the effect of transportation noise on all natural cause mortality.
| Paper | Cohorta (Country)b | Cause | Study population |
Noise source | Exposure characterization | Adjustment for air pollution | Exposure metric | Relative risk (95 % confidence interval)c | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Sex/Age | Follow-up | ||||||||
| Grady (2023) [97] | NHS, NHSII (USA) | All natural cause | 117,364 | Female/mean 57.3 years | 1994–2014 | Aircraft | Aviation Enviro Design Tool | PM2.5 | Ldnd | Aircraft: 1.03 (0.94–1.12) |
| Sørensen (2023) [7] | DNC (DK) | All natural cause | 2.6 million | Both/>50 years | 2000–2017 | Road | Nordic Prediction Method | PM2.5 | Lden | Road: 1.091 (1.087–1.095) Rail: 0.997 (0.964–1.032)e |
| Rail | ||||||||||
| Vienneau (2023) [6] | SNC (CH) | All natural cause | 4.2 million | Both/>30 years | 2000–2014 | Road | SonBASE | PM2.5 | Lden | Road: 1.045 (1.041–1.050) All sources: 1.044 (1.039–1.048) |
| Hao (2022) [77] | UK Biobank | All-cause | 342,566 | Both/40–69 years | 2006 (+app.. 9y) | Road | CNOSSOS-EU | – | LAeq,24h | Road: 1.08 (1.04–1.12) |
| Klompmaker (2021) [169] | Dutch National Cohort (NL) | All-natural cause | 10.5 million | Both/>30 years | 2013–2018 | Road | STAMINA | PM2.5 (road only) | Lden | Road: 1.002 (0.999–1.006) per 7.5 dB§ Rail: 1.004 (1.001–1.007) per 9.4 dB§ |
| Thacher (2020) [90] | DDCH (DK) | All natural cause | 52,758 | Both/50–64 years | 1993–2016 | Road | SoundPLAN | PM2.5 | Lden | Road: 1.08 (1.05–1.11) per 10.4 dB |
| Andersson (2020) [95] | PPS (SE) | All natural cause | 6304 | Male/47-45 years | 1975–2011 | Road | Nordic Prediction Method | NOX | LAeq,24h | Road: 0.986 (0.906, 1.073)f |
Abbreviations: N = Number of participants.
DDCH = Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort, DNC = Danish Nurse Cohort, NHS/NHSII = Nurses' Health Study, PPS = Primary Prevention Study, SNC = Swiss National Cohort.
CH = Switzerland, DK = Denmark, SE = Sweden, UK = United Kingdom, USA = United States of America.
If not otherwise indicated, relative risks refers to a 10 dB increase related to the maximum façade value.
The Ldn is the average equivalent sound level over a 24 h period, with a penalty added for noise during the nighttime hours of 22:00 to 07:00.
The relative risk has been converted to per 10 dB (based on reported effect size per increment in original study).
Derived from categorical analysis by means of a random effects meta-regression. Effect estimates per categories were weighted according to the inverse variance of the effect estimates and the weight of the reference category was estimated from the distribution of the sample size across all noise categories.