Table 3.
Comparison of patient characteristics between COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors among patients with cancer during hospital stay. (n = 65)
| Survivor (n = 25) | Nonsurvivor (n = 40) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||
| Age, years, median | 75 | 72.5 | 0.212 |
| Male | 13(52) | 30(75) | 0.057 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, median | 21.04 | 23.17 | 0.229 |
| BMI* < 18 | 7(28) | 5(14.7) | 0.210 |
| BMI* > 24 | 9(36) | 14(41.2) | 0.687 |
| Vaccination doses, median | 2 | 2 | 0.890 |
| Ever vaccinated | 17(68) | 28(70) | 0.865 |
| Full vaccination (> = 3 doses) | 12(48) | 12(48) | 0.875 |
| DNR* | 15(60) | 32(80) | 0.080 |
| Smoker | 3(12) | 17(42.5) | 0.024 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 4(16) | 2(5) | 0.194 |
| Dementia | 2(8) | 3(7.5) | 0.941 |
| Heart failure | 1(4) | 0(0) | 0.202 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 1(4) | 1(2.5) | 0.733 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 9(36) | 13(32.5) | 0.772 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3(12) | 9(22.5) | 0.288 |
| End stage renal disease | 1(4) | 4(10) | 0.377 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 2(8) | 2(5) | 0.624 |
| Chronic oxygen use | 2(8) | 1(2.5) | 0.304 |
| Admitted due to COVID-19 | 12(48) | 20(50) | 0.875 |
| Infected during hospitalization | 3(12) | 9(22.5) | 0.344 |
| Hematological malignancy | 1(4) | 6(15) | 0.235 |
| Laboratory data on the day of respiratory failure (median) | |||
| White blood cells, 109/L | 8500 | 12,450 | 0.006 |
| Absolute neutrophil count, 109/L | 6318.7 | 7105.45 | 0.345 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 11.5 | 10.5 | 0.153 |
| Absolute lymphocyte count, 109/L | 639.58 | 531.40 | 0.571 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 3.1 | 3.1 | 0.349 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 4.78 | 7.16 | 0.157 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.51 | 1.42 | 0.375 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 673.5 | 3220 | < 0.001 |
| Lactic dehydrogenase, U/L | 256 | 534.5 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate, mg/dL | 15.7 | 33 | 0.005 |
| D-dimer, ug/mL | 1.570 | 4.605 | 0.007 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 435.6 | 358 | 0.188 |
| Platelet count, /uL | 159,000 | 154,000 | 0.422 |
| Severity on the day of respiratory failure | |||
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio, median | 148 | 125.39 | 0.364 |
| SOFA* score, median | 7 | 10 | 0.071 |
| APACHE* II score, median | 22 | 25.5 | 0.160 |
| MAP score**, median | 1 | 3 | 0.048 |
| GCS*, median | 9 | 7.5 | 0.995 |
| Vasopressor use | 6(24) | 22(55) | 0.014 |
| Treatment | |||
| Cancer treatment in 4 weeks prior to COVID-19 diagnosis | 12(48) | 22(55) | 0.583 |
| Cytotoxic chemotherapy in 4 weeks prior to COVID-19 diagnosis | 8(32) | 11(27.5) | 0.698 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 18(72) | 24(60) | 0.325 |
| Re-application of MV* after weaning | 2(8) | 2(5) | 0.624 |
| Tracheostomy | 3(12) | 1(2.5) | 0.121 |
| New renal replacement therapy during admission | 1(4) | 9(22.5) | 0.044 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 0(0) | 5(12.5) | 0.066 |
| Tocilizumab | 9(36) | 21(52.5) | 0.194 |
| Remdesivir | 22(88) | 37(92.5) | 0.542 |
| Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir | 1(4) | 3(7.5) | 0.568 |
| Molnupiravir | 1(4) | 1(2.5) | 0.733 |
| Enoxaparin | 9(36) | 13(32.5) | 0.772 |
| Corticosteroid | 22(88) | 39(97.5) | 0.121 |
| Complications | |||
| CMV* infection | 2(8) | 14(35) | 0.048 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 6(24) | 11(27.5) | 0.755 |
| Thromboembolism | 3(12) | 4(10) | 0.800 |
| Outcome | |||
| ICU* admission | 20(80) | 28(70) | 0.372 |
| Hospital length of stay, days, median | 33 | 21.5 | 0.082 |
| Ventilator days, median | 10 | 5.5 | 0.710 |
| Time from symptoms onset to 1st Ct* > 30, days | 14 | 11.5 | 0.721 |
| Prolonged shredding (> 10 days) | 18(72) | 21(52.5) | 0.118 |
*BMI Body mass index, DNR Do not resuscitate, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation, MAP Mean arterial pressure, GCS Glasgow coma scale, CMV Cytomegalovirus, ICU Intensive Care Unit, Ct cycle threshold
**MAP score is defined from the calculation of SOFA score, with inotropic doses as mcg/kg/min: 0, No hypotension; 1, MAP < 70 mmHg; 2, Dopamine ≤5 or Dobutamine (any dose); 3, Dopamine > 5, Epinephrine ≤0.1, or norepinephrine ≤0.1; 4, Dopamine > 15, Epinephrine > 0.1, or Norepinephrine > 0.1