Table 4.
Pooled and site-wise adjusted analysis for adverse birth outcomes according to Hba1c levels
| Outcomes |
Sylhet-Bangladesh N = 2955 |
Karachi-Pakistan N = 2453 |
Pemba-Tanzania N = 4102 |
Total N = 9510 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| aRR(95%CI) | aRR(95%CI) | aRR(95%CI) | aRR(95%CI) | |
| Pregnancy ended in stillbirth (Gestational Age > 22 Weeks) | N = 124 | N = 91 | N = 124 | N = 339 |
| HbA1c < 5.7 | - | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| HbA1c 5.7–6.4 | - | 1.5 (0.6–3.9) | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.5 | - | 10.1 (3.6–28.4) | 8.3 (2.8–24.3) | 6.3 (3.4–11.6) |
|
Preterm birth (< 37 weeks of Gestation) |
N = 331 | N = 351 | N = 210 | N = 892 |
| HbA1c < 5.7 | Ref | - | - | Ref |
| HbA1c 5.7–6.4 | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | - | - | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.5 | 6.8 (1.8–25.9) | - | - | 3.5 (1.8–6.7) |
|
Large for gestational age (> 10th centile) |
N = 30 | N = 32 | N = 470 | N = 532 |
| HbA1c < 5.7 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| HbA1c 5.7–6.4 | 0.5 (0.1–2.4) | 1.4 (0.3–6.1) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.5 | 34.8 (8.8–139.6) | 12.0 (2.8–52.0) | 4.1 (1.9–8.4) | 5.5 (2.9–10.6) |
| Caesarean section delivery | N = 385 | N = 375 | N = 132 | N = 892 |
| HbA1c < 5.7 | - | Ref | - | - |
| HbA1c 5.7–6.4 | - | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | - | - |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.5 | - | 5.7 (1.8–18.3) | - | - |
The stillbirth model was adjusted for gravidity, previous history of stillbirth, tobacco use, biomass exposure and maternal anemia. The preterm model was adjusted for maternal age, MUAC, parity, gravidity, previous cesarean section, tobacco use and biomass exposure. The LGA model was adjusted for maternal education status, maternal BMI, MUAC, gravidity, biomass exposure, tobacco use, and previous history of diabetes. The cesarean section model was adjusted for maternal age, wealth quintile, maternal BMI, parity, and gravidity