TABLE 1.
Sociodemographic characteristics and diet behaviors of adult study participants,a overall and by condition, 2021
| All (n=2744) | Control (n=649) | Default (n=727) | Discount (n=682) | Default + Discount (n=686) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | Mean (SD) or n (%) | |
| Age | 46.7 (16.0) | 45.9 (15.4) | 47.0 (16.3) | 47.2 (16.1) | 46.7 (16.1) |
| Female | 1447 (52.7%) | 344 (53.0%) | 396 (54.5%) | 346 (50.7%) | 361 (52.6%) |
| Household size, total | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.3 (1.0) | 2.2 (1.0) | 1.1 (2.3) |
| Household size, children <18 years | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.7) | 1.4 (0.7) | 0.7 (1.4) |
| Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish | 269 (9.8%) | 63 (9.7%) | 75 (10.3%) | 67 (9.8%) | 64 (9.3%) |
| Race | |||||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 39 (1.4%) | 9 (1.4%) | 6 (0.8%) | 18 (2.6%) | 6 (0.9%) |
| Asian | 49 (1.8%) | 13 (2.0%) | 10 (1.4%) | 10 (1.5%) | 16 (2.3%) |
| Black or African American | 390 (14.2%) | 99 (15.3%) | 93 (12.8%) | 91 (13.3%) | 107 (15.6%) |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 8 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 516 (75.7%) | 4 (0.6%) |
| White | 2074 (75.6%) | 490 (75.5%) | 562 (77.3%) | 18 (2.6%) | 506 (73.8%) |
| Other | 70 (2.6%) | 20 (3.1%) | 15 (2.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 17 (2.5%) |
| More than 1 | 12 (0.4%) | 16 (2.5%) | 4 (0.6%) | 28 (4.1%) | 7 (1.0%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 102 (3.7%) | - | 35 (4.8%) | - | 23 (3.4%) |
| Education | |||||
| Less than 9th grade | 17 (0.6%) | 4 (0.6%) | 4 (0.6%) | 3 (0.4%) | 6 (0.9%) |
| 9th to 12th grade - No diploma | 150 (5.5%) | 41 (6.3%) | 36 (5.0%) | 38 (5.6%) | 35 (5.1%) |
| High school graduate | 749 (27.3%) | 180 (27.7%) | 194 (26.7%) | 175 (25.7%) | 200 (29.2%) |
| GED or equivalent | 182 (6.6%) | 42 (6.5%) | 53 (7.3%) | 43 (6.3%) | 44 (6.4%) |
| Some college, no degree | 859 (31.3%) | 201 (31.0%) | 227 (31.2%) | 216 (31.7%) | 215 (31.3%) |
| Associate’s degree | 367 (13.4%) | 83 (12.8%) | 107 (14.7%) | 97 (14.2%) | 80 (11.7%) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 307 (11.2%) | 69 (10.6%) | 80 (11.0%) | 80 (11.7%) | 78 (11.4%) |
| Graduate or professional degree | 110 (4.0%) | 28 (4.3%) | 26 (3.6%) | 29 (4.3%) | 27 (3.9%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 3 (0.1%) | 1 (0.2%) | - | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) |
| Income | |||||
| <$20,000 | 1187 (43.3%) | 266 (41.0%) | 307 (42.2%) | 297 (43.5%) | 317 (46.2%) |
| $20,000–39,999 | 1017 (37.1%) | 247 (38.1%) | 278 (38.2%) | 257 (37.7%) | 235 (34.3%) |
| $40,000–59,999 | 348 (12.7%) | 84 (12.9%) | 93 (12.8%) | 90 (13.2%) | 81 (11.8%) |
| $60,000-$79,999 | 108 (3.9%) | 25 (3.9%) | 30 (4.1%) | 25 (3.7%) | 28 (4.1%) |
| $80,000-$99,999 | 32 (1.2%) | 11 (1.7%) | 7 (1.0%) | 4 (0.6%) | 10 (1.5%) |
| $100,000–119,999 | 10 (0.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | 5 (0.7%) |
| $120,000 to $139,999 | 3 (0.1%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| $140,000 to $159,999 | 4 (0.1%) | 3 (0.5%) | 3 (0.4%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.3%) |
| $160,000 to $179,999 | 3 (0.1%) | 2 (0.3%) | 5 (0.7%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.4%) |
| $180,000 to $199,999 | 3 (0.1%) | 3 (0.5%) | 1 (0.1%) | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.4%) |
| ≥$200,000 | 6 (0.2%) | 4 (0.6%) | - | 1 (0.1%) | - |
| Don’t know | 12 (0.4%) | - | - | 3 (0.4%) | - |
| Prefer not to answer | 11 (0.4%) | - | - | - | - |
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 618 (22.5%) | 163 (25.1%) | 141 (19.4%) | 155 (22.7%) | 159 (23.2%) |
| Widowed | 191 (7.0%) | 47 (7.2%) | 49 (6.7%) | 44 (6.5%) | 51 (7.4%) |
| Divorced | 476 (17.3%) | 105 (16.2%) | 139 (19.1%) | 120 (17.6%) | 112 (16.3%) |
| Separated | 107 (3.9%) | 30 (4.6%) | 23 (3.2%) | 21 (3.1%) | 33 (4.8%) |
| Never Married | 920 (33.5%) | 207 (31.9%) | 243 (33.4%) | 241 (35.3%) | 229 (33.4%) |
| Living with Partner | 418 (15.2%) | 94 (14.5%) | 131 (18.0%) | 99 (14.5%) | 94 (13.7%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 14 (0.5%) | 3 (0.5%) | 1 (0.1%) | 2 (0.3%) | 8 (1.2%) |
| Employment | |||||
| Working at a job or business | 845 (30.8%) | 193 (29.7%) | 222 (30.5%) | 223 (32.7%) | 207 (30.2%) |
| With a job or business but not at work | 70 (2.6%) | 18 (2.8%) | 24 (3.3%) | 11 (1.6%) | 17 (2.5%) |
| Looking for work | 501 (18.3%) | 114 (17.6%) | 137 (18.8%) | 133 (19.5%) | 117 (17.1%) |
| Not working at a job or business | 1131 (41.2%) | 268 (41.3%) | 296 (40.7%) | 281 (41.2%) | 286 (41.7%) |
| Part-time or full-time student | 103 (3.8%) | 30 (4.6%) | 23 (3.2%) | 22 (3.2%) | 28 (4.1%) |
| Prefer not to answer | 94 (3.4%) | 26 (4.0%) | 25 (3.4%) | 12 (1.8%) | 31 (4.5%) |
| Food insecurityb | 1917 (69.9%) | 449 (69.2%) | 483 (70.8%) | 502 (69.1%) | 483 (70.4%) |
| SNAP participation, currently | 1842 (67.1%) | 424 (65.3%) | 494 (68.0%) | 445 (65.2%) | 479 (69.8%) |
| Fruit, purchased most oftenc | |||||
| Apples | 472 (17.2%) | 102 (15.7%) | 115 (15.8%) | 137 (20.1%) | 118 (17.2%) |
| Bananas | 1319 (48.1%) | 310 (47.8%) | 348 (47.9%) | 325 (47.7%) | 336 (49.0%) |
| Grapes | 390 (14.2%) | 96 (14.8%) | 114 (15.7%) | 82 (12.0%) | 98 (14.3%) |
| Oranges | 232 (8.5%) | 60 (9.2%) | 54 (7.4%) | 60 (8.8%) | 58 (8.5%) |
| Strawberries | 331 (12.1%) | 81 (12.5%) | 96 (13.2%) | 78 (11.4%) | 76 (11.1%) |
| Vegetable, purchased most oftenc | |||||
| Carrots | 409 (14.9%) | 94 (14.5%) | 107 (14.7%) | 96 (14.1%) | 112 (16.3%) |
| Lettuce | 726 (26.5%) | 154 (23.7%) | 200 (27.5%) | 186 (27.3%) | 186 (27.1%) |
| Onions | 685 (25.0%) | 176 (27.1%) | 190 (26.1%) | 167 (24.5%) | 152 (22.2%) |
| String beans | 281 (10.2%) | 70 (10.8%) | 61 (8.4%) | 78 (11.4%) | 72 (10.5%) |
| Tomatoes | 643 (23.4%) | 155 (23.9%) | 169 (23.2%) | 155 (22.7%) | 164 (23.9%) |
| BRFSS 2017 screener, times per week | |||||
| Fruit juice | 2.6 (4.2) | 2.4 (4.0) | 2.5 (4.0) | 2.7 (4.2) | 2.9 (4.6) |
| Fruit | 3.9 (4.6) | 3.7 (4.6) | 3.9 (4.7) | 3.8 (4.5) | 4.1 (4.8) |
| Beans | 2.0 (3.1) | 2.1 (3.3) | 1.9 (2.9) | 1.9 (3.0) | 2.1 (3.3) |
| Dark green vegetables | 2.9 (3.6) | 2.9 (3.9) | 2.8 (3.4) | 2.7 (3.3) | 3.1 (3.7) |
| Orange-colored vegetables | 2.1 (3.3) | 2.0 (3.3) | 2.0 (3.2) | 2.0 (3.3) | 2.4 (3.6) |
| Other vegetables | 3.5 (3.9) | 3.6 (4.1) | 3.4 (3.9) | 3.6 (4.1) | 3.3 (3.5) |
| Total | 16.9 (16.8) | 16.8 (17.7) | 16.4 (15.7) | 16.7 (16.4) | 17.9 (17.5) |
| Responsible for most of household food shopping | |||||
| Yes | 2362 (86.1%) | 555 (85.5%) | 618 (85.0%) | 582 (85.3%) | 607 (88.5%) |
| No | 198 (7.2%) | 54 (8.3%) | 52 (7.2%) | 59 (8.7%) | 33 (4.8%) |
| No one person is responsible | 184 (6.7%) | 40 (6.2%) | 57 (7.8%) | 41 (6.0%) | 46 (6.7%) |
| Responsible for most of household food preparation | |||||
| Yes | 2239 (81.6%) | 517 (79.7%) | 590 (81.2%) | 563 (82.6%) | 569 (82.9%) |
| No | 327 (11.9%) | 91 (14.0%) | 75 (10.3%) | 86 (12.6%) | 75 (10.9%) |
| No one person is responsible | 178 (6.5%) | 41 (6.3%) | 62 (8.5%) | 33 (4.8%) | 42 (6.1%) |
Note: SNAP=Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; BRFFS=Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
a
Sociodemographic and food insecurity questions were derived from the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We captured weekly fruit and vegetable intake using a 6-item fruit and vegetable dietary intake module from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.
b
Based on the two-item Hunger Vital Sign food security screener, food insecurity defined as yes if a participant indicated that it was true or sometimes true that 1) their household was worried whether their food would run out before they got money to buy more, and/or 2) the food that they bought just didn’t last and they didn’t have enough money to get more.
c
The five fruit items and five vegetable items were based on expenditure data in SNAP-participating households in the Food Acquisition and Purchase Survey.