Table 2. Pharmacokinetic Properties of Iodinated Contrast Agentsa.
| contrast agents | generic name | elimination | metabolism | distribution | others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accupaque (Omnipaque) (IV, IA, IT & in body cavities) | Iohexol (Iohexolum) | 90% by kidneys: Glomerular filtration ≫ Tubular secretion | No metabolites quantified in humans | Vd: 559 mL/kg | Protein binding: < 2% (no clinical relevance) |
| Mean CLrenal: 111 mL/min | Not a CYP450 or UGT substrate except for UGT1A9 | ||||
| Bile at 1–2% | |||||
| Mean CL: 119 mL/min | |||||
| Gastrografin (Oral or rectal) | Amidotrizoic acid (Diatrizoate) | >75% by kidneys | Not metabolized | Vd: 600 mL/kg | Only about 3% is resorbed from the stomach and intestine |
| Mean CLrenal: 1.7 mL/min/kg | |||||
| Hexabrix (Intravascular) | Ioxaglic acid (Ioxaglate) | 90% by kidneys: Possible tubular reabsorption (based on preclinical data) | Not metabolized | Little binding to plasma proteins | |
| Small intestin and liver: < 10% | |||||
| Heterogeneous excretion in saliva, sweat and colon | |||||
| CL: 245 mL/min | |||||
| Iomeron (IV or IA) | Iomeprol | >75% by kidneys | Not metabolized | Vd: 289 mL/kg (Extracellular fluid volume) | No binding to plasma proteins |
| Iopamiro (or Scanlux) | Iopamidol | >75% by kidneys | No significant metabolism | Vd: 220 mL/kg (Extracellular fluid volume) | Binds neither to plasma nor to serum proteins |
| <0.1% of the total amount of iodine administered is eliminated as inorganic iodide | |||||
| Lipiodol (Lymphatic injection or in the hepatic artery) | Ethyl esters of iodinated fatty acids | 25–50% by kidneys | Eliminated as iodine | Injection into lymphatic vessels: Transport in blood, liver and lungs (droplet distribution in alveoli, spleen and adipose tissue) | |
| <25% by liver | |||||
| <25% by pancreas | Phagocyted by Kupffer cells and eliminated by the lymphatic system | Hepatic artery injection: distribution in neovascular and extravascular tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma | |||
| Opitray | Ioversol | 86% by kidneys | Not metabolized | Distribution in the intravascular and interstitial space | Protein binding: 9%–13% |
| Partially heterotopic elimination by biliary route in renal insufficency | |||||
| Ultravist | Iopromide | 90% by kidneys: GFR | Not metabolized | Vdss: 220 mL/kg | Protein binding: 0.9 ± 0.2% |
| CL: 110 mL/min at low doses and 103 mL/min at high doses | |||||
| 3% in feces | |||||
| Visipaque | Iodixanol | 97% by kidneys: GFR | Not significantly metabolized | Vd: 260 mL/kg | Protein binding: < 2% |
| 1.2% in feces | |||||
| Xenetix | Iobitridol | 100% by kidneys (after 24 h) | Not metabolized | Vd: 200 mL/kg (Exclusively extracellular) | Very little binding to plasma proteins |
a
Pharmacokinetic propreties according to Health Canada’s Drug Product Database and Compendium as of March 2023.