Table 1.

Odor blends and single odorants attractive or aversive to Anopheles gambiae females

Anopheles gambiae
Odor blend	Dose/concentration	Effect	Behavior (assay)	Refs
Carbon dioxidea Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid	0–1030 parts per million (ppm) 2.5% 90%	Attraction	Activation Long-range attraction (wind tunnel - dual port)	[22]
Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acids (C3-C8 andC14)	2.5% Pure Pure	Attraction 3mC4 reduces attraction to blend	Short-range attraction/ Trap-catch (wind tunnel - dual port; MM-X trap)	[13,24]
Carbon dioxide Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acids: C3 C4 C5 C7 C8 C14	500 ml/min 2.5% 85% 0.1% 1% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01%	Attractiona 3mC4 inert to blend	Trap-catch (MM-X trap - semi-field)	[17]
1-Butanol 2,3-Butanedione 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methylbutanal 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone 3-Methyl-1-butanol 3-Methylbutanal 3-Methylbutanoic acid benzene ethanol	Pure Pure Pure Pure Pure Pure Pure Pure Pure Pure	Attraction	Trap-catch (MM-X trap)	[103]
Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acid (C14) + 2-Methylbutanoate OR butyl butyrate OR butyl acetate OR butyl isobutyrate OR dimethylsulfide	2.5% Pure Pure 1% 1% 1% 0.1% 0.01–0.001%	Attractiona 2-Pentadecanone (1%) reduces attraction to blend	Short-range attraction (wind tunnel - dual port)	[27]
Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acid (C14) + 3-Methyl-1-butanol OR 3-methylbutanal	25% Pure Pure 0.01% 1%	Attraction	Short-range attraction (wind tunnel - dual port)	[26]
Carbon dioxide Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acid (C14) + 3-Methyl-1-butanol OR 3-methylbutanoic acid	4.5% 25% Pure Pure 0.1% (pure for traps) 0.1%	Attraction	Trap-catch/ Short-range attraction (MM-X trap - semi-field; wind tunnel - dual port; MM-X trap - open-field)	[25,26,107]
Carbon dioxide Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acid (C14) + butan-1-amine	4.5% 25% Pure Pure 0.00001–1%	Attraction	Short-range attraction (wind tunnel - dual port)	[26]
Carbon dioxide Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acid (C14) + 3-methyl-1-butanol + butan-1-amine	4.5% 25% Pure Pure 0.01% or 0.001 % 0.01 to 0.004%	Attraction	Short-range attraction (wind tunnel - dual port)	[26]
Carbon dioxide Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acid (C14) 3-Methyl-1-butanol + butan-1-amine OR 1-dodecanol	63 ml/min 2.5% 85% 0.00025% 0.000001% 0.0000001% 0.0001%	Attraction	Trap-catch (MM-X trap - semi-field)	[108]
Ammonia L-(+) lactic acid Carboxylic acid (C14) 3-Methyl-1-butanol butan-1-amine 2-Butanone	2.5% 85% 0.00025% 0.000001% 0.001% Pure	Attraction	Trap-catch (MM-X trap - semi-field)	[40]
Individual odor	Dose/concentration	Effect	Behavior	Refs
Ammonia	13.7–13 700 ppm	Attraction	Short-range attraction (wind tunnel - dual port)	[24]

^aTurbulent plume.