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. 2024 Jan 11;19:263–280. doi: 10.2147/IJN.S438359

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© 2024 Wang et al.

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MSN@MT enhances DC-mediated immune responses in mice. (a). Illustration of the mouse immunization model and experimental procedure. Nanovaccine is injected into the footpad of mice on days 0, 7, and 14. On day 21, serum, inguinal lymph nodes, and spleens are collected to assess humoral immunity, dendritic cell maturation, and T-cell activation within the mice. (b) Scatter plots and (c) the proportion of CD80⁺CD86⁺ DCs extracted from inguinal lymph nodes of mice in different treatment groups. (d). Proportion of CD40⁺ DCs extracted from inguinal lymph nodes of mice in different treatment groups, along with representative histograms. (e) Proportion of SIINFEKL⁺ DCs extracted from inguinal lymph nodes of mice in different treatment groups, along with representative histograms. (f) TNF-α and (g) IFN-γ levels in the serum of mice from different treatment groups measured by ELISA. (h). Relative titers of OVA-specific IgG and (i) the ratio of OVA-specific IgG1 to IgG2a in the serum of mice from different treatment groups (n = 5/group). The indicated groups were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Significance levels are classified as ns (no significance, P>0.05), **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001.