Fig. 4.

D. welbionis J115^T reduces fasted glycaemia by mechanisms independent of glucagon levels and hepatic gluconeogenesis markers. (a) Portal vein glucagon levels. (b, c) mRNA expression of PEPCK and G6Pase genes relative to the control group. (d) Portal vein GLP-1 levels. (e) Effect of different doses of live D. welbionis J115^T (HFD+J115) (from 1×10⁷ to 2×10⁹ colony forming units [CFUs] per ml) on GLP-1 stimulation in GLUTag cells (murine L cells). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for all figure parts. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001. Results are presented as mean±SEM