Odds ratios and effect estimates reflect a per 20-unit increase in Child Opportunity Index scores. All models are adjusted for sex at birth, race/ethnicity, maternal education, prenatal smoking exposure, household income, parental asthma prior to the child’s birth, and clustering by census tract. Models predicting FEV1/FVC in the lowest quintile are additionally adjusted for age and height at the early adolescent visit. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval, FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in the first second, FVC = forced vital capacity.