Table 2.
Individual and Family Characteristics of Children in Project Viva in Early Adolescence by Quintiles of Neighborhood Child Opportunity Index Scores Assessed in Mid-Childhood
| All Participants | Quintiles of Overall Neighborhood Child Opportunity Index Percentile Ranks |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Very Low Opportunity | Low Opportunity | Moderate Opportunity | High Opportunity | Very High Opportunity | ||
| n (% of cohort) | n=831 | n=87 (10%) | n=38 (5%) | n=74 (9%) | n=179 (22%) | n=453 (55%) |
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| Neighborhood Child Opportunity Index Percentile Ranks in Mid-Childhood | ||||||
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| ||||||
| Overall score, mean (SD) | 72.5 (27.4) | 10.2 (5.1) | 32.6 (4.3) | 49.9 (5.6) | 72.5 (5.9) | 91.4 (5.4) |
| Educational domain, mean (SD) | 74.5 (26.4) | 17.5 (10.1) | 38.5 (14.1) | 52.5 (18.0) | 77.9 (12.6) | 90.8 (6.9) |
| Health and environment domain, mean (SD) | 77.6 (22.7) | 40.9 (21.7) | 42.5 (22.8) | 67.4 (22.5) | 77.5 (17.1) | 89.2 (10.3) |
| Social and economic domain, mean (SD) | 67.9 (27.4) | 8.7 (5.6) | 30.9 (6.3) | 45.0 (8.2) | 65.2 (9.8) | 87.1 (8.6) |
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| Parental Characteristics | ||||||
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| Maternal education: college graduate, n (%) | 594 (72%) | 29 (34%) | 17 (45%) | 35 (47%) | 126 (70%) | 387 (86%) |
| Maternal pregnancy smoking status, n (%) | ||||||
| Never smoker | 576 (70%) | 64 (74%) | 23 (61%) | 57 (77%) | 121 (68%) | 311 (69%) |
| Former smoker | 172 (21%) | 7 (8%) | 7 (18%) | 12 (16%) | 38 (21%) | 108 (24%) |
| Smoker during pregnancy | 80 (10%) | 15 (17%) | 8 (21%) | 5 (7%) | 18 (10%) | 34 (8%) |
| Household annual income >$70,000, n (%) | 492 (64%) | 13 (21%) | 8 (27%) | 27 (41%) | 102 (59%) | 342 (79%) |
| Parental asthma (prior to child’s birth), n (%) | 102 (14%) | 16 (22%) | 5 (18%) | 13 (21%) | 21 (14%) | 47 (12%) |
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| Child Characteristics | ||||||
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| Age (years) in early adolescence, mean (SD) | 13.1 (0.9) | 13.1 (0.8) | 13.3 (1.1) | 13.4 (1.0) | 13.3 (1.0) | 13.1 (0.8) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 549 (66%) | 3 (3%) | 10 (26%) | 34 (46%) | 132 (74%) | 370 (82%) |
| Black | 126 (15%) | 57 (66%) | 16 (42%) | 23 (31%) | 10 (6%) | 20 (4%) |
| Hispanic | 32 (4%) | 10 (12%) | 5 (13%) | 5 (7%) | 5 (3%) | 7 (2%) |
| Asian | 26 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 9 (5%) | 15 (3%) |
| Other | 97 (12%) | 15 (17%) | 6 (16%) | 12 (16%) | 23 (13%) | 41 (9%) |
| Female sex at birth, n (%) | 420 (51%) | 40 (46%) | 16 (42%) | 40 (54%) | 80 (45%) | 244 (54%) |
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| Outcomes in Early Adolescence | ||||||
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| Dampness or pests in the home, n (%) | 430 (52%) | 51 (59%) | 24 (63%) | 34 (47%) | 90 (51%) | 231 (51%) |
| Moisture or mildew | 156 (20%) | 12 (15%) | 6 (17%) | 14 (21%) | 41 (24%) | 83 (19%) |
| Water damage | 252 (32%) | 33 (40%) | 13 (36%) | 20 (30%) | 58 (34%) | 128 (29%) |
| Cockroaches, rats, or mice | 214 (26%) | 25 (29%) | 13 (34%) | 17 (24%) | 39 (22%) | 120 (27%) |
| Asthma status, n (%) | ||||||
| Current asthma | 102 (12%) | 16 (19%) | 5 (13%) | 13 (18%) | 21 (12%) | 47 (11%) |
| Previous asthma | 111 (14%) | 14 (16%) | 10 (26%) | 12 (16%) | 26 (15%) | 49 (11%) |
| Never asthma | 608 (74%) | 56 (65%) | 23 (61%) | 48 (66%) | 130 (73%) | 351 (79%) |
| Lung Function Testing | ||||||
| FEV1/FVCa, mean (SD) | 0.85 (0.06) | 0.84 (0.06) | 0.84 (0.08) | 0.84 (0.07) | 0.85 (0.07) | 0.85 (0.06) |
a
FEV1, forced expiratory volume in the first second; FVC, forced vital capacity