Table I.
Baseline characteristics (n=463).
| Characteristic | Value |
|---|---|
| Mean age, years | 70.4±4.1 |
| Sex, n (%) | |
| Female | 238 (51.4) |
| Male | 225 (48.6) |
| Mean BMI, kg/m2 | 25.2±3.1 |
| Highest completed education level, n (%) | |
| Primary school or less | 83 (17.9) |
| High school | 269 (58.1) |
| Undergraduate or above | 111 (24.0) |
| Smoker, n (%) | |
| No | 339 (73.2) |
| Yes | 124 (26.8) |
| Alcohol intake, n (%) | |
| No | 408 (88.1) |
| Yes | 55 (11.9) |
| Median (IQR) time since hypertension diagnosis, years | 13.1 (6.1-21.2) |
| Family history of hypertension, n (%) | |
| No | 185 (40.0) |
| Yes | 259 (55.9) |
| Unknown | 19 (4.1) |
| History of allergy, n (%) | |
| No | 410 (88.6) |
| Yes | 47 (10.2) |
| Unknown | 6 (1.3) |
| History of respiratory disease, n (%) | |
| No | 416 (89.8) |
| Yes | 45 (9.7) |
| Unknown | 2 (0.4) |
| History of kidney disease, n (%) | |
| No | 432 (93.3) |
| Yes | 30 (6.5) |
| Unknown | 1 (0.2) |
| History of diabetes, n (%) | |
| No | 358 (77.3) |
| Yes | 102 (22.0) |
| Unknown | 3 (0.6) |
| History of CCVD, n (%) | |
| No | 256 (55.3) |
| Yes | 207 (44.7) |
| History of dyslipidemia, n (%) | |
| No | 266 (57.5) |
| Yes | 188 (40.6) |
| Unknown | 9 (1.9) |
| Mean baseline respiratory rate, breaths/min | 17.7±1.9 |
| Mean heart rate, beats/min | 73.6±9.6 |
| Mean SeSBP, mmHg | 142.8±16.7 |
| Abnormal SeSBP, n (%) | 264 (57.0) |
| Mean SeDBP, mmHg | 82.1±10.2 |
| Abnormal SeDBP, n (%) | 108 (23.3) |
| Hypertension severity, n (%) | |
| No | 188 (40.6) |
| Mild | 197 (42.5) |
| Moderate | 67 (14.5) |
| Severe | 11 (2.4) |
| History of hypertension treatment, n (%) | |
| Yes | 446 (96.3) |
| No | 17 (3.7) |
| History of antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | |
| Monotherapy | 237 (51.2) |
| Double combination | 164 (35.4) |
| Triple combination | 37 (8.0) |
| Unknown | 25 (5.4) |
| History of antihypertensive medication, n (%) | |
| Calcium channel blocker | 281 (60.7) |
| Angiotensin II antagonist | 338 (73.0) |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 36 (7.8) |
| Combination, n (%) | |
| No combination | 349 (75.4) |
| Lipid-modifying agent | 33 (7.1) |
| Lipid-modifying agent and othersa | 81 (17.5) |
aAny medications apart from antihypertensive agents and lipid-modifying agent. Data are presented as n (%), mean ± SD or median ± IQR. BMI, body mass index; CCVD, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease; SeSBP, seated systolic blood pressure; SeDBP, seated diastolic blood pressure.