Table 2.
Summary of Included Studies
| Reference | Study Year | Country, Region | Study Design | Sample Size | Age; Male Sex (%); Habits, Comorbidities | PTB/EPTB; DRTB; Retreatment | Exposure(s) | Outcome(s) | Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liu et al22 (1998) | 1989—1991 | China, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 1 million | 35+; NR; NR | PTB; yes; NR | Current tobacco use | TB mortality | Strong |
| Lam et al23 (2001) | 1997—1999 | Hong Kong, WPR | Case-control | 40,561 | 35+; 47.4%; NR | PTB; NR; NR | Past tobacco use | TB mortality | Moderate |
| Leung et al24 (2002) Leung et al25 (2003) |
1996 | Hong Kong, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 893 | 16+; > 68.0%; Chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; yes (4.9%); yes | Ever tobacco use | Unsuccessful, delayed conversion | Moderate |
| Santha et al26 (2002) | 1999—2000 | India, SEAR | Retrospective cohort | 676 | 14-87; 75.0%; Alcohol use | PTB and EPTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | Failure, default | Moderate |
| Gajalakshmi et al27 (2003) | 1995—2000 | India, SEAR | Case-control | 35,000 | 25-69; 100%; NR | PTB; yes; yes | Ever tobacco use (cigarette, bidi) | TB mortality | Strong |
| Salami and Oluboyo28 (2003) | 1991—1999 | Nigeria, AFR | Retrospective cohort | 1,741 | 15+; 45.6%; alcohol use, HIV, chronic disease | PTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Default | Moderate |
| Chang et al29 (2004) | 1999—2001 | Hong Kong, WPR | Case-control (nested) | 408 | 15+; 86.3%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, hepatitis | PTB; yes; yes | Ever, current, past tobacco use | Default | Strong |
| Sitas et al30 (2004) | 1994—1998 | South Africa, AFR | Case-control | 5,340 | 25+; NR; NR | NR | Ever tobacco use | TB mortality | Strong |
| Abal et al31 (2005) | 1998—2000 | Kuwait, EMR | Prospective cohort | 339 | Adults; 78.8%; alcohol and drug use, DM | PTB; no; NR | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Moderate |
| Altet-Gomez et al32 (2005) | 1996—2002 | Spain, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 13,038 | 14+; 67.6%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality, severity | Strong |
| Balbay et al33 (2005) | 1998—2003 | Turkey, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 154 | 16-82; 65.6%; alcohol use | PTB and EPTB; no; yes | Current tobacco use | Nonadherence | Strong |
| Chandrasekaran et al34 (2005) | 1999—2002 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 1,406 | All ages; 69.5%; alcohol use | PTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Default | Moderate |
| Gupta et al35 (2005) | 1992—1999 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 99,570 | 35+; NR; NR | PTB; NR; NR | Ever tobacco use (cigarette, bidi) and smokeless | TB mortality | Strong |
| Thomas et al36 (2005) | 2000—2001 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 534 | All ages; 71.2%; alcohol use | PTB; yes (5.6%); no | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Kolappan et al37 (2006) | 2000—2003 | India, SEAR | Retrospective cohort | 1,800 | 15+; 100%; alcohol use | PTB and EPTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use (cigarette, bidi) | All-cause mortality | Moderate |
| Babb et al38 (2007) | 2003—2004 | South Africa, AFR | Retrospective cohort | 220 | 18-65; NR; excluded people with HIV | PTB; no; no | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Cacho et al39 (2007) | 1992—2004 | Spain, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 645 | Mean 38.6 ± 9.5; 75.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | Recurrence/relapse | Strong |
| Guler et al40 (2007) | 2000—2005 | Turkey, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 306 | 17-85; 63.1%; DM, excluded people with HIV | PTB; yes; no | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Weak |
| Jakubowiak et al41 (2007) | 2003 | Russia, EUR | Case-control | 1,805 | 16+; 73.0%; alcohol and drug use | PTB; no; no | Current tobacco use | Default | Moderate |
| Wang et al42 (2007) | 2002—2003 | Taiwan, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 523 | All ages; NR; alcohol use, chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; yes; no | Ever tobacco use | All-cause mortality, failure, default | Strong |
| d’Arc Lyra Batista et al43 (2008) | 2001—2006 | Brazil, AMR | Prospective cohort | 711 | 13+; 64.5%; alcohol use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Jha et al44 (2008) | 2001—2003 | India, SEAR | Case-control | 152,058 | 30-69; NR; NR | PTB and EPTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use (cigarette, bidi) and smokeless | TB mortality | Strong |
| Pinidiyapathirage et al45 (2008) | 2001—2002 | Sri Lanka, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 892 | All ages; 74.5%; alcohol and drug use | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Default | Moderate |
| Vasantha et al46 (2008) | 1999—2004 | India, SEAR | Retrospective cohort | 3,818 | All ages; 73.0%; alcohol use | NR; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | Moderate |
| Jee et al47 (2009) | 1992—2006 | South Korea, WPR | Prospective cohort | 1,294,504 | 30-95; NR; alcohol use | PTB; NR; yes | Current, past tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse, TB mortality | Strong |
| Jiang et al48 (2009) | 1989—1991 | China, WPR | Case-control | 64,899 | 40+; NR; NR | PTB; NR; NR | Ever tobacco use (cigarette, noncigarette) | TB mortality | Strong |
| Kherad et al49 (2009) | 1999—2002 | Switzerland, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 252 | 15-92; 47.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | NA |
| Kittikraisak et al50 (2009) | 2005—2006 | China, WPR | Prospective cohort | 554 | 18+; 69.0%; alcohol and drug use, 100% HIV | PTB and EPTB; yes; NR | Current tobacco use | Default | Strong |
| Millet et al51 (2009) | 1995—2005 | Spain, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 681 | Median, 36; 67.7%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; yes; no | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Moderate |
| Metanat et al52 (2010) | 2005—2006 | Iran, EMR | Case-control | 200 | 18+; 59.5%; comorbidities excluded | PTB; no; no | Current, past tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Weak |
| Siddiqui et al53 (2010) | 2007—2008 | Ireland, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 53 | Adults; NR; comorbidities excluded | PTB; no; NR | Ever tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Moderate |
| Silva et al54 (2010) | 2005—2007 | Brazil, AMR | Retrospective cohort | 311 | All ages; NR; HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | Strong |
| Tabarsi et al55 (2010) | 2003—2009 | Iran, EMR | Retrospective cohort | 1,897 | Mean, 50.2 ± 21.1; 51.3%; HIV | PTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | NA |
| Vijay et al56 (2010) | 2004—2005 | India, SEAR | Case-control (nested) | 1,374 | 15+; NR; alcohol use | PTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Default | Strong |
| Dujaili et al57 (2011) | 2006—2008 | Malaysia, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 524 | 15+; 70.4%; alcohol and drug use, chronic disease | NR; NR; no | Ever tobacco use | On-treatment mortality, failure, default | Strong |
| Garcia-Garcia et al58 (2011) | 2006—2007 | Spain, EUR | Prospective cohort | 1,490 | 18+; 61.7%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; yes; yes | Ever tobacco use | All-cause mortality, default | NA |
| Maruza et al59 (2011) | 2007—2009 | Brazil, AMR | Prospective cohort | 273 | 18-67; 69.7%; alcohol and drug use, 100% HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; NR | Current, past tobacco use | Default | Strong |
| Nik Mahdi et al60 (2011) | 2006—2007 | Malaysia, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 472 | Mean 45.0 ± 17.9; 66.9%; HIV, DM | PTB; NR; Yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Moderate |
| Solliman et al61 (2011) | 2008—2009 | Libya, EMR | Retrospective cohort | 327 | NR | PTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | NA |
| Tachfouti et al62 (2011) Tachfouti et al63 (2013) |
2004—2009 | Morocco, EMR | Prospective cohort | 1,039 | 18-79; 95.7%; alcohol use | PTB and EPTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Failure, default | Strong |
| Anaam et al64 (2012) | 2007—2008 | Yemen, EMR | Case-control (nested) | 220 | 15+; 58.0%; Khat use, DM | PTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Moderate |
| Chiang et al65 (2012) | 2001—2003 | Taiwan, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 302 | Adults; 68.9%; chronic disease, not HIV | PTB and EPTB; no; no | Ever tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Strong |
| Feng et al66 (2012) | 2007—2009 | Taiwan, WPR | Prospective cohort | 1,059 | Mean, 64.7 ± 19.2; 77.3%; HIV, chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; yes; no | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality, delayed conversion | Moderate |
| Lisha et al67 (2012) | 2008—2010 | India, SEAR | Retrospective cohort | 224 | 15-80; 81.0%; alcohol and drug use, DM | PTB; yes; no | Current tobacco use | Recurrence, all-cause mortality, failure, default | NA |
| Tabarsi et al68 (2012) | 2004—2007 | Iran, EMR | Retrospective cohort | 111 | 22-70; 96.3%; alcohol and drug use, 100% HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful, all-cause mortality | Moderate |
| Visser et al69 (2012) | 2005—2008 | South Africa, AFR | Prospective cohort | 113 | 22-43; 69.9%; alcohol use, HIV | PTB; yes; no | Ever tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Alavi-Naini et al70 (2013) | 2002—2011 | Iran, EMR | Retrospective cohort | 715 | 15+; 52.4%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, chronic disease | PTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | Strong |
| Bonacci et al71 (2013) | 1995—2010 | Mexico, AMR | Prospective cohort | 1,062 | 15+; 59.0%; alcohol and drug use, DM | PTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful, recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Maciel et al72 (2013) | 2002—2006 | Brazil, AMR | Case-control (nested) | 293 | 18-60; 66.0%; alcohol use | PTB; no; no | Current, past tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Mnisi et al73 (2013) | 2007—2010 | South Africa, AFR | Retrospective cohort | 202 | 21-72; 98.0%; HIV | PTB and EPTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Moderate |
| Reddy et al74 (2013) | 2009 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 413 | 15+; 81.3%; alcohol use, HIV, DM | PTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality, failure, default | Moderate |
| Reed et al75 (2013) | NR | South Korea, WPR | Prospective cohort | 657 | 20+; 84.0%; alcohol use, DM | PTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | TB mortality | Strong |
| Slama et al76 (2013) | 2009—2010 | Morocco, EMR | Case-control | 320 | 15+; 80.6%; alcohol use | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Default | Strong |
| Ahmad and Velhal77 (2014) | 2006—2007 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 281 | All ages; 74.5%; NR | PTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use and smokeless | Nonadherence | Moderate |
| Alo et al78 (2014) | 2010—2012 | Fiji, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 395 | All ages; 57.2%; DM, hypertension | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Moderate |
| Cherkaoui et al79 (2014) | 2010—2011 | Morocco, EMR | Case-control | 277 | Adults; 66.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, DM | PTB and EPTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | Default | Strong |
| Choi et al80 (2014) | 2005—2012 | South Korea, WPR | Prospective cohort | 663 | 20+; 84.9%; alcohol and drug use, DM | PTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful, default | Moderate |
| de Boer et al81 (2014) | 2007—2009 | Brazil, AMR | Prospective cohort | 89 | NR; 85.4%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, DM | PTB; no; NR | Current, past tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Ibrahim et al82 (2014) Ibrahim et al83 (2015) |
2011—2012 | Nigeria, AFR | Cross-sectional | 378 | 15+; 60.6%; Alcohol use, HIV | PTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Nonadherence, failure, default | Moderate |
| Louwagie and Ayo-Yusuf84 (2014) | 2011—2013 | South Africa, AFR | Cross-sectional | 1,926 | 18+; 52.3%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | NR | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Moderate |
| Lucenko et al85 (2014) | 2006—2010 | Latvia, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 2,476 | 15+; 69.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; no; no | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Moderate |
| Pefura-Yone et al86 (2014) | 2009—2012 | Cameroon, AFR | Prospective cohort | 953 | 15+; NR; alcohol and drug use, HIV, DM | PTB; yes; NR | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Przybylski et al87 (2014) | 2001—2010 | Poland, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 2,025 | 16-98; 67.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful, adverse reaction to TB drugs | Moderate |
| Yen et al88 (2014) | 2005—2011 | Taiwan, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 5,567 | 18+; 62.9%; alcohol use, HIV, cancer | PTB and EPTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Chuang et al89 (2015) | 2010—2012 | Taiwan, WPR | Case-control | 359 | 16+; > 66.0%; Alcohol use | PTB; NR; NR | Current, past tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Driessche et al90 (2015) | NR | DRC, AFR | Prospective cohort | 533 | Median, 38; 39.1%; alcohol and drug use, 100% HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; NR | Ever tobacco use | On-treatment mortality, default, unsuccessful | Strong |
| Gegia et al91 (2015) | 2011—2013 | Georgia, EUR | Prospective cohort | 524 | 18+; 87.2%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB; yes; NR | Current, past tobacco use and smokeless | Unsuccessful | Strong |
| Kanda et al92 (2015) | 2000—2002 | Japan, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 86 | 20-80; 69.8%; alcohol use, DM, excluded people with HIV | PTB; no; no | Ever tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Khan et al93 (2015) | 2009—2010 | Pakistan, EMR | Retrospective cohort | 472 | 15+; 50.4%; HIV, DM, hepatitis | PTB and EPTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | Failure | Moderate |
| Leung et al94 (2015) | 2001—2012 | Hong Kong, WPR | Prospective cohort | 16,345 | All ages; NR; alcohol and drug use, HIV, DM | PTB and EPTB; yes (3.1%); yes | Current, past tobacco use | Unsuccessful, all-cause mortality, default, delayed conversion, recurrence | Strong |
| Liew et al95 (2015) | 2012—2013 | Malaysia, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 21,582 | All ages; 65.1%; HIV, DM | PTB and EPTB; yes (0.3%); yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful, all-cause mortality | Strong |
| Mahishale et al96 (2015) | 2012—2013 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 2,350 | 15+; 74.8%; comorbidities excluded | PTB; NR; no | Current, past tobacco use (bidi, cigarette) | Recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Moosazadeh et al97 (2015) | 2002—2013 | Iran, EMR | Retrospective cohort | 1,271 | 15+; 56.2%; DM | PTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Roy et al98 (2015) | 2009—2011 | India, SEAR | Case-control | 158 | Median 40; 63.3%; alcohol use | PTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Default | Strong |
| Yamana et al99 (2015) | 2010—2013 | Japan, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 877 | All ages; 64.5%; chronic disease | PTB; yes; no | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | Strong |
| Ahmad et al100 (2016) | 2015—2016 | Pakistan, EMR | Case-control | 332 | > 10 y; 100%; comorbidities excluded | PTB; yes; no | Ever tobacco use (any form) | Recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Ajili et al101 (2016) | NR | Tunisia, EMR | Retrospective cohort | 355 | All ages; NR; alcohol and drug use, chronic disease | PTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | NA |
| Rathee et al102 (2016) | 2010—2011 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 101 | 18-65; 65.3%; NR | PTB; no; NR | Current, past tobacco use (cigarette, bidi) | Default | Moderate |
| Rodrigo et al103 (2016) | 2006—2013 | Spain, EUR | Prospective cohort | 5,182 | 18+; 62.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; yes (6.9%); NR | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | Moderate |
| Veerakumar et al104 (2016) | 2013—2014 | India, SEAR | Cross-sectional | 235 | 15+; 79.6%; alcohol use | PTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use and smokeless | Unsuccessful | Strong |
| Yen et al105 (2016) | 2011—2012 | Taiwan, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 1,608 | 18+; 67.5%; alcohol use, HIV, chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current, past tobacco use | All-cause mortality | Strong |
| Altet et al106 (2017) | 2013—2014 | Spain, EUR | Prospective cohort | 525 | Mean, 34.0 ± 13.2; 62.1%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB; yes; NR | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Balian et al107 (2017) | 2014—2016 | Armenia, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 992 | Mean, 42.0 ± 17.5; 74.8%; alcohol use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; no; no | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Strong |
| Jaber et al108 (2017) | 2014—2015 | Yemen, EUR | Prospective cohort | 273 | 15+; 54.9%; Khat use, chronic disease | PTB; no; no | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful, prolonged treatment duration | Strong |
| Kalema et al109 (2017) | 2008—2013 | Uganda, AFR | Retrospective cohort | 234 | 18+; 58.6%; HIV | PTB; yes (3.0%); no | Ever tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Weak |
| Musteikiene et al110 (2017) | 2015—2016 | Lithuania, EUR | Prospective cohort | 52 | Adults; 76.9%; alcohol use, comorbidities excluded | PTB; no; no | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Nagu et al111 (2017) | 2014—2015 | Tanzania, AFR | Prospective cohort | 253 | 18+; 66.4%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, DM | PTB and EPTB; no; NR | Ever tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | Strong |
| Shamaei et al112 (2017) | 2009—2012 | Iran, EMR | Case-control | 447 | 14+; > 51.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; yes; yes | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Moderate |
| Tola et al113 (2017) | 2014 | Ethiopia, AFR | Cross-sectional | 698 | 18-90; 57.4%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; yes (9.6%); yes | Current tobacco use | Nonadherence | Weak |
| Cailleaux-Cezar et al114 (2018) | 2004—2012 | Brazil, AMR | Retrospective cohort | 174 | Adults; 66.0%; alcohol use, DM, cancer, chronic disease | PTB; no; no | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful, delayed conversion | Strong |
| Dizaji et al115 (2018) | 2005—2015 | Iran, EMR | Retrospective cohort | 2,299 | Adults; 50.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | TB mortality | Moderate |
| Madeira et al116 (2018) | 2014 | Brazil, AMR | Case-control | 478 | 18+; 59.2%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, DM | PTB; no; yes | Ever tobacco use | Nonadherence | Strong |
| Mukhtar and Butt117 (2018) | 2013—2014 | Pakistan, EMR | Prospective cohort | 614 | 15+; 51.0%; alcohol and drug use, DM | PTB; no; no | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Strong |
| Rosser et al118 (2018) | 1994—2014 | UK, EUR | Case-control (nested) | 246 | Adults; 51.2%; alcohol use, chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; yes; no | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Aguilar et al119 (2019) | 2007—2015 | Brazil, AMR | Case-control | 284 | 15+; 63.3%; alcohol use | PTB; no; yes | Ever, current, past tobacco use | Failure | Strong |
| Azeez et al120 (2019) | 2013—2015 | South Africa, AFR | Retrospective cohort | 910 | Adults; > 58.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB; yes; no | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | Strong |
| Castro et al121 (2019) | 2016 | Brazil, AMR | Cross-sectional | 180 | All ages; 75.6%; alcohol and drug use, 100% HIV | PTB and EPTB; yes (2.9%); no | Current tobacco use | TB mortality, default | Weak |
| Gupta et al122 (2019) | 2017—2018 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 72 | 18-80; 52.8%; alcohol use, chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; no; no | Ever tobacco use (cigarette, bidi) and smokeless | Unsuccessful | Moderate |
| Gupte et al123 (2019) Thomas et al124 (2019) |
2014—2017 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 455 | 18+; 65.0%; alcohol use, HIV, depression | PTB; no; no | Current, past tobacco use (cigarette, bidi) | Unsuccessful, all-cause mortality, failure, recurrence or relapse | Moderate |
| Hameed et al125 (2019) | 2018—2019 | Pakistan, EMR | Cross-sectional | 170 | 13-80; 54.1%; HIV, chronic disease | PTB; no; yes | Current tobacco use | On-treatment mortality | Moderate |
| Ma et al126 (2019) | 2008—2011 | China, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 1,256 | 15+; 72.7%; alcohol use | PTB; no; no | Current, past tobacco use | Unsuccessful, on-treatment mortality, failure, delayed conversion, severity | Moderate |
| Mathur et al127 (2019) | 2016—2018 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 187 | All ages; 59.9%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB; NR; no | Current tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | NA |
| Nakao et al128 (2019) | 2008—2016 | Japan, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 137 | All ages; 60.5%; chronic disease | PTB; yes (5.8%); NR | Ever tobacco use | Severity | Moderate |
| Paunikar et al129 (2019) | 2015 | India, SEAR | Retrospective cohort | 440 | NR; 56.6%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Default | Moderate |
| Reimann et al130 (2019) | 2012—2017 | Germany, EUR | Retrospective cohort | 247 | All ages; 71.3%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, chronic disease | PTB; yes; NR | Ever tobacco use | Delayed conversion, Severity | Strong |
| Sharma et al131 (2019) | 2015—2016 | India, SEAR | Case-control | 741 | 18+; 60.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV, DM | PTB; NA; yes | Current tobacco use and smokeless | Drug resistance | Strong |
| Wardani and Wahono132 (2019) | 2016 | Indonesia, WPR | Case-control | 93 | All ages; 50.0%; DM | PTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Ajema et al133 (2020) | 2017 | Ethiopia, AFR | Cross-sectional | 249 | 15+ years; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Nonadherence | Moderate |
| Bezerra et al134 (2020) | 2012—2019 | Brazil, AMR | Prospective cohort | 148 | 18+; 65.0%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Ever tobacco use | Default | Strong |
| Khan et al135 (2020) | 2006—2009 | Malaysia, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 9,337 | All ages; 69.0%; alcohol and drug use, chronic disease | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Ever tobacco use | On-treatment mortality, default, nonadherence | Strong |
| Pore et al136 (2020) | 2016—2017 | India, SEAR | Cross-sectional | 88 | 18-70; 77.3%; alcohol use | NR; yes (1.1%); yes | Current tobacco use and smokeless | Nonadherence | NA |
| Sembiah et al137 (2020) | 2014—2017 | India, SEAR | Prospective cohort | 662 | 18+; 53.2%; alcohol use, DM | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | NA |
| Serpoosh et al138 (2020) | 2010—2018 | Iran, EMR | Case-control | 286 | All ages; > 50.0%; drug use | NR | Current tobacco use | Failure | Moderate |
| Takasaka et al139 (2020) | 2015—2018 | Japan, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 79 | 40+; 100%; alcohol use, chronic disease | PTB; no; NR | Ever tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Moderate |
| Tok et al140 (2020) | 2014—2017 | Malaysia, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 97,505 | All ages; 64.3%; HIV | PTB and EPTB; no; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful, all-cause mortality | Strong |
| Asemahagn141 (2021) | 2019 | Ethiopia, AFR | Prospective cohort | 282 | 15+; 59.0%; alcohol use, HIV, DM | PTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Bhatti et al142 (2021) | 2016—2018 | Malaysia, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 606 | 18+; 73.4%; HIV, chronic disease | PTB; NR; yes | Ever, current, past tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
| Cao et al143 (2021) | 2018—2019 | China, WPR | Case-control | 1,206 | 14+; 65.2%; alcohol and drug use, chronic disease | PTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Severity | Strong |
| Carter et al144 (2021) | 2015—2017 | Liberia, AFR | Retrospective cohort | 337 | 14+; 76.3%; alcohol use, HV, cancer | PTB and EPTB; yes (38.3%); yes (19.0%) | Current, past tobacco use | All-cause mortality | Strong |
| de Vargas et al145 (2021) | 2018 | Brazil, AMR | Prospective cohort | 92 | 18+; 57.6%; alcohol and drug use, HIV | PTB; NR; NR | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Moderate |
| Kassim et al146 (2021) | 2016—2017 | Somalia, AFR | Cross-sectional | 400 | 15+; 65.5%; HIV, DM | PTB and EPTB; NR; yes | Current tobacco use | Unsuccessful | Moderate |
| Lin et al147 (2021) | 2010—2018 | China, WPR | Prospective cohort | 634 | 14+; 69.9%; NR | PTB and EPTB; NR; no | Current, past tobacco use | Recurrence or relapse | Strong |
| Mokti et al148 (2021) | 2013—2018 | Malaysia, WPR | Retrospective cohort | 2,641 | All ages; 60.2%; HIV, DM | PTB; no; yes | Current tobacco use | Delayed conversion | Strong |
AFR = African region; AMR = American region; DM = diabetes mellitus; DRC = Democratic Republic of Congo; DRTB = drug-resistant TB; EMR = Eastern Mediterranean region; EPTB = extrapulmonary TB; EUR = European region; NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; PTB = pulmonary TB; SEAR = South-East Asian region; WPR = Western Pacific region.