TABLE 6.

Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, 2018) for pest entry/establishment/spread/impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance.

Control measure/Risk reduction option (Blue underline = Zenodo doc, Blue = WIP)	RRO summary	Risk element targeted (entry/establishment/spread/impact)
Require pest freedom	Plants from pest free areas and pest free production sites would be unlikely to disseminate the pest.	Entry/Spread
Growing plants in isolation	Growing plants in physical isolation would help in reducing infection by the pest.	Entry (reduce contamination/infestation)/Spread
Managed growing conditions	Plants grown without contact with soil would reduce infections by the pest, and this also relates to plants grown in nurseries under official control.	Entry (reduce contamination/infestation)/Spread
Crop rotation, associations and density, weed/volunteer control	Crop rotation, associations and density, weed/volunteer control are used to prevent problems related to pests and are usually applied in various combinations to make the habitat less favourable for pests. The measures deal with (1) allocation of crops to field (over time and space) (multi‐crop, diversity cropping) and (2) to control weeds and volunteers as hosts of pests/vectors. Weed control of basket grass Oplismenus compositus would reduce field infestation of the pest (Gnanapragasham & Mohotti, 2018)	Entry/Establishment/Impact
Use of resistant and tolerant plant species/varieties	Resistant plants are used to restrict the growth and development of a specified pest and/or the damage they cause when compared to susceptible plant varieties under similar environmental conditions and pest pressure. It is important to distinguish resistant from tolerant species/varieties. Cultivation of resistant clones would reduce infection rates, but tolerant cultivars would not mitigate spread of the pest.	Entry/Establishment/Impact
Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material	Treatment with neem Treatment with Furadan (carbofuran) was reported from Iran (Sivapalan et al., 1980). This pesticide was banned in the EU in 2008 (Kitowski et al., 2020).	Entry/Establishment/Impact
Chemical treatments on consignments or during processing	Use of chemical compounds that may be applied to plants or to plant products after harvest, during process or packaging operations and storage. The treatments addressed in this information sheet are: fumigation; spraying/dipping pesticides; surface disinfectants; process additives; protective compounds	Entry/Spread
Physical treatments on consignments or during processing	This information sheet deals with the following categories of physical treatments: irradiation; ionisation; mechanical cleaning (brushing, washing); sorting and grading, and; removal of plant parts (e.g. debarking wood). This information sheet does not address: heat and cold treatment (information sheet 1.14); roguing and pruning (information sheet 1.12).	Entry/Spread
Cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools and machinery	The physical and chemical cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools, machinery, transport means, facilities and other accessories (e.g. boxes, pots, pallets, palox, supports, hand tools). The measures addressed in this information sheet are: washing, sweeping and fumigation. This would be helpful in reducing nematode infestation.	Entry/Spread
Limits on soil	This has only a limited effect on endoparasitic nematodes like P. loosi.	Entry/Spread
Soil treatment	Pre‐planting steaming of soil would reduce infestation of plants. Although there is no specific information on P. loosi, soil solarization and fumigation are used to control other Pratylenchus species (Castillo & Vovlas, 2007).	Entry/Establishment/Impact
Use of non‐contaminated water	Chemical and physical treatment of water to eliminate waterborne microorganisms. The measures addressed in this information sheet are: chemical treatments (e.g. chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone); physical treatments (e.g. membrane filters, ultraviolet radiation, heat); ecological treatments (e.g. slow sand filtration). Using clean water would be helpful to avoid the introduction and spread of the pest.	Entry/Spread
Waste management	Although there is no specific information for P. loosi, waste management can generally be helpful to reduce infection of Pratylenchus species.	Establishment/Spread
Heat and cold treatments	No information was found on the effect of hot water treatment against P. loosi, but this would reduce infestation.	Entry/Spread
Controlled atmosphere	Treatment of plants by storage in a modified atmosphere (including modified humidity, O2, CO2, temperature, pressure). No known effect on P. loosi.	Entry/Spread (via commodity)
Post‐entry quarantine and other restrictions of movement in the importing country	This information sheet covers post‐entry quarantine (PEQ) of relevant commodities; temporal, spatial and end‐use restrictions in the importing country for import of relevant commodities; Prohibition of import of relevant commodities into the domestic country. ‘Relevant commodities’ are plants, plant parts and other materials that may carry pests, either as infection, infestation, or contamination. Symptoms develop gradually, so post‐entry quarantine would be helpful in detecting infected plants.	Establishment/Spread