Table 1.
Baseline characteristics participants according to body mass index
| Characteristic | Overall (n = 8231) | BMI (kg/m2) | P value a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 24.0 (n = 4882) | 24.0–27.9 (n = 2414) | ≥ 28.0 (n = 935) | |||
| Age, years | 59.23 ± 9.32 | 60.38 ± 9.62 | 57.81 ± 8.67 | 56.88 ± 8.36 | < 0.001 |
| < 60 | 4571 (55.5%) | 2495 (51.1%) | 1468 (60.8%) | 608 (65.0%) | |
| ≥ 60 | 3660 (44.5%) | 2387 (48.9%) | 946 (39.2%) | 327 (35.0%) | |
| Gender | < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 3815 (46.3%) | 2525 (51.7%) | 981 (40.6%) | 309 (33.0%) | |
| Female | 4416 (53.7%) | 2357 (48.3%) | 1433 (59.4%) | 626 (67.0%) | |
| Marital status | < 0.001 | ||||
| Marred | 6857 (83.3%) | 3955 (81.0%) | 2090 (86.6%) | 812 (86.8%) | |
| Other | 1374 (16.7%) | 927 (19.0%) | 324 (13.4%) | 123 (13.2%) | |
| Residence | < 0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 2936 (35.7%) | 1485 (30.4%) | 1015 (42.0%) | 436 (46.6%) | |
| Rural | 5295 (64.3%) | 3397 (69.6%) | 1399 (58.0%) | 499 (53.4%) | |
| Education level | < 0.001 | ||||
| No formal education | 2461 (29.9%) | 1558 (31.9%) | 651 (27.0%) | 252 (27.0%) | |
| Primary school | 3345 (40.6%) | 2060 (42.2%) | 926 (38.4%) | 359 (38.4%) | |
| Middle or high school | 2175 (26.4%) | 1147 (23.5%) | 735 (30.4%) | 293 (31.3%) | |
| College or above | 250 (3.0%) | 117 (2.4%) | 102 (4.2%) | 31 (3.3%) | |
| Smoking status b | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 5009 (60.9%) | 2702 (55.3%) | 1619 (67.1%) | 688 (73.6%) | |
| Former | 717 (8.7%) | 393 (8.0%) | 236 (9.8%) | 88 (9.4%) | |
| Current | 2483 (30.2%) | 1769 (36.2%) | 555 (23.0%) | 159 (17.0%) | |
| Drinking status b | < 0.001 | ||||
| Never | 4818 (58.5%) | 2706 (55.4%) | 1495 (61.9%) | 617 (66.0%) | |
| Former | 684 (8.3%) | 414 (8.5%) | 183 (7.6%) | 87 (9.3%) | |
| Current | 2725 (33.1%) | 1759 (36.0%) | 735 (30.4%) | 231 (24.7%) | |
| History of comorbidities | |||||
| Hypertension b | 2137 (26.0%) | 920 (18.8%) | 759 (31.4%) | 458 (49.0%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes b | 502 (6.1%) | 180 (3.7%) | 202 (8.4%) | 120 (12.8%) | < 0.001 |
| Heart disease b | 965 (11.7%) | 471 (9.6%) | 317 (13.1%) | 177 (18.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia b | 792 (9.6%) | 255 (5.2%) | 323 (13.4%) | 214 (22.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Kidney disease b | 483 (5.9%) | 286 (5.9%) | 142 (5.9%) | 55 (5.9%) | > 0.999 |
| History of medication use | |||||
| Hypertension medications b | 1597 (19.4%) | 617 (12.6%) | 603 (25.0%) | 377 (40.3%) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes medications b | 323 (3.9%) | 123 (2.5%) | 111 (4.6%) | 89 (9.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia medications b | 410 (5.0%) | 118 (2.4%) | 170 (7.0%) | 122 (13.0%) | < 0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 129.30 ± 21.25 | 126.75 ± 21.07 | 131.72 ± 20.78 | 136.39 ± 21.08 | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.19 ± 12.10 | 73.08 ± 11.69 | 77.41 ± 11.85 | 80.49 ± 12.22 | < 0.001 |
| TC, mg/dl | 194.59 ± 38.77 | 191.31 ± 37.93 | 198.60 ± 39.05 | 201.38 ± 40.56 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-C, mg/dl | 51.50 ± 15.28 | 54.92 ± 15.73 | 47.55 ± 13.30 | 43.91 ± 12.13 | < 0.001 |
| LDL-C, mg/dl b | 117.67 ± 34.88 | 114.89 ± 33.91 | 121.79 ± 34.99 | 121.58 ± 38.02 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c, % b | 5.29 ± 0.82 | 5.22 ± 0.76 | 5.36 ± 0.89 | 5.50 ± 0.91 | < 0.001 |
| Median hsCRP (IQR), mg/l | 1.03 (0.55, 2.18) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.89) | 1.18 (0.64, 2.23) | 1.64 (0.89, 3.35) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, ml/min/1.73m2 b | 76.86 ± 42.82 | 76.33 ± 47.03 | 77.52 ± 35.23 | 77.94 ± 37.20 | 0.384 |
| FBG, mg/dl | 110.02 ± 35.82 | 107.12 ± 34.24 | 113.19 ± 37.92 | 116.98 ± 36.69 | < 0.001 |
| Median TG (IQR), mg/dl | 104.43 (74.34, 150.45) | 92.04 (67.48, 130.98) | 118.59 (84.96, 173.24) | 142.49 (100.00, 203.55) | < 0.001 |
| TyG | 8.67 ± 0.66 | 8.53 ± 0.60 | 8.83 ± 0.67 | 9.03 ± 0.70 | < 0.001 |
| TyG-BMI c | 204.22 ± 40.50 | 179.32 ± 22.76 | 227.28 ± 20.96 | 274.66 ± 32.05 | < 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or n(%), unless otherwise specified
BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration ratio; FBG, fasting blood glucose; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR, interquartile range; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD, standard deviation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TyG, triglyceride-glucose
a P value was based on χ2 or analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis rank sum test where appropriate
b Missing data: 22 for smoking status, 4 for drinking status, 43 for hypertension, 82 for diabetes, 33 for heart disease, 174 for dyslipidaemia, 43 for kidney disease, 44 for history of medication use for hypertension, 83 for history of medication use for diabetes, 178 for history of medication use for dyslipidaemia, 80 for SBP, 81 for DBP, 16 for LDL-C, 63 for HbA1c, 3 for eGFR
c The TyG-BMI was calculated by the formula ln[TC (mg/dl) × FBG (mg/dl) / 2] × BMI (kg/m2)