Table 1.
LLST and AD characteristics depending on sex
| Male | Female | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 182 (54.3) | 153 (45.7) | ||
| Timing (early vs. late) | |||
| Late | 114 (62.6) | 103 (57.5) | 0.422 |
| Degree (withdraw vs. withhold) | |||
| Withdraw | 82 (45.1) | 88 (57.5) | 0.028 |
| Reason | |||
| Patients wish | 54 (29.7) | 49 (32.0) | 0.671 |
| SDMs wish | 42 (23.1) | 29 (19.0) | |
| Medical reason | 86 (47.3) | 75 (49.0) | |
| ICU mortality | 61 (33.5) | 60 (39.2) | 0.305 |
| In hospital mortality | 115 (63.2) | 113 (73.9) | 0.045 |
| Advance directive | |||
| Present | 61 (33.5) | 72 (47.1) | 0.014 |
| Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | |||
| Allow | 8 (4.4) | 8 (5.2) | 1.000 |
| Refuse | 37 (20.3) | 36 (23.5) | |
| Intubation | |||
| Allow | 10 (5.5) | 12 (7.8) | 0.805 |
| Refuse | 26 (14.3) | 27 (17.6) | |
| ICU care | |||
| Allow | 8 (4.4) | 12 (7.8) | 0.768 |
| Refuse | 10 (5.5) | 19 (12.4) | |
| Artificial feeding | |||
| Allow | 16 (8.8) | 13 (8.5) | 0.482 |
| Refuse | 21 (11.5) | 25 (16.3) | |
| LST | |||
| Allow | 7 (3.8) | 15 (9.8) | 0.240 |
| Refuse | 49 (26.9) | 55 (35.9) | |
| Number of EOL talks (median [IQR]) | 2 [1, 4] | 2 [1, 4] | 0.159 |
| Sex physician | |||
| Female | 66 (36.3) | 63 (41.2) | 0.455 |
Data shown as n (%) unless otherwise stated. LLST Limitation of Life Sustaining Treatments, SDM surrogate decision maker, ICU Intensive Care Unit, LST Life Sustaining Treatment, EOL End of Life, IQR Inter Quartile Range