Table 2.
Selected outcomes of randomised controlled trials of safety education of pedestrians
| Population | Injuries, deaths, collisions | Behaviour | Attitude | Knowledge |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children and adolescents: | ||||
| <5 years old | No RCT found | Trained children more likely to stop and look at line of vision than controls (RR 1.71 (95% CI 0.62 to 4.70))14 | No RCT found | Trained children knew slightly more often that they had to “walk or stay on pavement” than controls (RR 1.05 (0.79 to 1.39))13*† |
| 5-9 years old | No RCT found | Trained children more likely to stop and look at line of vision than controls (RR 1.79 (1.18 to 2.72))14 Trained children more likely to stop at line of vision when crossing between parked cars than controls (RR 1.73 (1.39 to 2.14))22* Trained children more likely to “always cross in crosswalks” according to their parents than controls (RR 1.63 (0.89 to 3.00))17* Trained children more likely to exhibit “safe behaviour” than controls (RR 2.13 (1.01 to 4.47))18* Trained children had better “post-test transfer score” than controls (SMD 0.83 (0.31 to 1.35))19 | Trained children had greater proportion of routes categorised as “safe” at post-test than controls (SMD 1.28 (0.30 to 2.26))10 Change between pretest and post-test in proportion of routes categorised as “safe” greater in trained children than controls: (SMD 0.80 (−0.12 to 1.72))21‡ (SMD 0.17 (−0.21 to 0.55))22‡ (SMD 0.92 (0.39 to 1.46))23‡ Trained children had better “post-test attitude score” than controls (SMD 0.85 (0.35 to 1.35))19 Trained children more likely to apply “concept of speed” than controls (RR 1.27 (1.07 to 1.50))12 | Change between pretest and post-test scores of “crossing the street” test slightly greater in trained children than controls (SMD 0.16 (−0.13 to 0.45))15 Change between pretest and post-test in score of “traffic safety knowledge” test was greater in trained children than controls (SMD 0.81 (0.60 to 1.02))17‡ Change between pretest and post-test scores of “cognitive” test greater in trained children than controls (5-7 year olds, SMD 0.47 (0.36 to 0.57); 7-9 year olds, 0.96 (0.85 to 1.08))20‡ |
| 10-14 years old | No RCT found | No RCT found | No RCT found | Change between pretest and post-test scores of “cognitive” test greater in trained children than controls (SMD 0.57 (0.46 to 0.68))20‡ Trained children had better post-test score of “conspicuity, mass, speed and control” test than controls (SMD 2.39 (1.46 to 3.33))11 |
| 15-20 years old | No RCT found | No RCT found | No RCT found | No RCT found |
| Adults | No RCT found | Trained institutionalised adults had higher “post-test mean proportion of steps correctly performed” than controls (RR 5.17 (3.48 to 7.67))16* | No RCT found | No RCT found |
| Elderly people | No RCT found | No RCT found | No RCT found | No RCT found |
RCT=randomised controlled trial (only most relevant outcomes are reported here with longest period to post-test measurements). RR=relative risk. SMD=standardised mean difference
*
Intervention groups pooled. †Control groups pooled. ‡Variance of change between pretest and post-test measurements ascribed.