Table 3.

Predictive model and tools for complaints and misconduct analysis.

Predictive tools	Objective	Setting	Variables	Risk score measurement
CPPA PARS [55]	Physician	The USA	Complaint types	Each unique complaint embedded in a complaint report is assigned to one of the six complaint categories: care and treatment, communication, access and availability, concern for patient and family, safety of environment, and billing. The complaint-type profile for each physician reflects the distribution of complaints across these categories. The PARS system analyses these complaints and generates a risk score for each physician. The specific calculation method has not been disclosed.
PRONE score [83]	Doctor	Australia	A doctor’s specialty, sex, the number of previous complaints, and the time since the last complaint	Risk increased monotonically with PRONE score. Doctors with a score between 0 and 2 had a 2-year complaint risk of 14.2%. Doctors with PRONE scores between 15 and 17 had a subsequent complaint risk of 87.8%. Specialty: Anaesthesia (0), radiology (0), other specialties (0), internal medicine (1), ophthalmology (2), general practice (2), psychiatry (3), orthopaedic surgery (3), other surgery (3), general surgery (3), obstetrics and gynaecology(3), dermatology (4), and plastic surgery(6) Sex: Female (0) and male (2) Number of previous complaints: 1 (0), 2 (1), 3 (2), 4 (4), 5–6 (5), 7–8 (6), 9 (7), and 10+ (11) Time since the last complaint: 1–2 years (0), 6 months to 1 year (1), <6 months (2)
PRONE-HP score [1]	Health practitioners, including doctors, nurses and midwives, dental practitioners, psychologists, pharmacists, chiropractors, optometrists, osteopaths, physiotherapists, podiatrists, aboriginal and Torres-Strait Islander (ATSI) health practitioners, Chinese medicine practitioners, medical radiation practitioners, and occupational therapists	Australia	Sex, age, profession and specialty, practice location, number of prior complaints, and complaint issue	Practitioners with a score ≤4 had a 1% chance of a complaint within 24 months and those with a score ≥35 had a >85% chance. Sex: Female (0) and male (2) Age: ≤25 years (0), 26–35 years (0), 36–45 years (3), 46–55 years (4), 56–65 years (4), and 66–75 years (4) Profession/specialty: Doctor: general practice (14), surgery (16), obstetrics and gynaecology (17), physician (13), psychiatry (17), anaesthesia (10), radiology (11), emergency and intensive care unit (ICU) (10), non-clinical (9), non-specialist (12); nurse: registered nurse (4), enrolled nurse (4); midwife (0); dental: dentists and dental prosthetist (15), other dental practitioners (7); psychologist (11); pharmacist (10); ATSI practitioner (9); Chinese medicine practitioner (7); chiropractor (11); medical radiation practitioner (0); occupational therapist (2); optometrist (7); osteopath (6); physiotherapist (3); podiatrist (9) Practice location: Major cities of Australia (0), inner/outer regional Australia (1), and remote/very remote Australia (2) Number of prior complaints: 0 (0), 1 (6), 2 (8), 3 (10), 4–6 (12), ≥7 (15) Complaint issue: Health: physical health (3), mental health (7), substance use (9) Conduct: Records & reports (3), use or supply of medications (5), honesty (8), fees and servicing (3), interpersonal behaviour (3), sexual boundaries (5), compliance with conditions (2), and other conduct issues (4) Performance: Prescribing or dispensing (3), procedures (3), and treatment, communication, and other clinical issues (2)