Table 1.
Baseline participant characteristics by frailty
| Characteristics | Participants, No. (%) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Non-frail (FI score<0.25) |
Frail (FI score≥0.25) |
||
| Sample size | 7571 (100) | 4541 (63.4) | 2930 (36.6) | |
| Age, mean (SD), year | 89.4 (6.6) | 88.6 (6.4) | 90.8 (6.8) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 3310 (44.3) | 2225 (49.0) | 1085 (37.0) | <.001 |
| Female | 4161 (55.7) | 2316 (51.0) | 1845 (63.0) | |
| Race | ||||
| Han race | 6930 (92.8) | 4169 (91.8) | 2761 (94.2) | <.001 |
| Minority race | 541 (7.2) | 372 (8.2) | 169 (5.8) | |
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 2869 (38.4) | 1744 (38.4) | 1125 (38.4) | 1.000 |
| Rural | 4602 (61.6) | 2797 (61.6) | 1805 (61.6) | |
| Living arrangement | ||||
| With family | 5798 (77.6) | 3456 (76.1) | 2342 (79.9) | <.001 |
| Alone or in nursing home | 1673 (22.4) | 1085 (23.9) | 588 (20.1) | |
| Education | ||||
| Illiteracy | 4971 (66.5) | 2878 (63.4) | 2093 (71.4) | <.001 |
| Literacy | 2500 (33.5) | 1663 (36.6) | 837 (28.6) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| In marriage | 5626 (75.3) | 3357 (73.9) | 2269 (77.4) | <.001 |
| unmarried, divorced or widowed | 1845 (24.7) | 1184 (26.1) | 661 (22.6) | |
| Income level | ||||
| High | 1277 (17.1) | 760 (16.7) | 517 (17.6) | .034 |
| Medium | 4986 (66.7) | 3080 (67.8) | 1906 (65.1) | |
| Low | 1208 (16.2) | 701 (15.4) | 507 (17.3) | |
| Drinking | ||||
| Never-drinkers | 5113 (68.4) | 3030 (66.7) | 2083 (71.1) | <.001 |
| Current-drinkers | 1603 (21.5) | 1037 (22.8) | 566 (19.3) | |
| Former-drinkers | 755 (10.1) | 474 (10.4) | 281 (9.6) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never-smokers | 5129 (68.7) | 3019 (66.5) | 2110 (72.0) | <.001 |
| Current-smokers | 1302 (17.4) | 844 (18.6) | 458 (15.6) | |
| Former-smokers | 1040 (13.9) | 678 (14.9) | 362 (12.4) | |
| Exercise | ||||
| Never-exercisers | 4465 (59.8) | 2689 (59.2) | 1776 (60.6) | .199 |
| Current-exercisers | 2494 (33.4) | 1550 (34.1) | 944 (32.2) | |
| Former-exercisers | 512 (6.9) | 302 (6.7) | 210 (7.2) | |
| Dietary diversity | ||||
| Poor | 3105 (41.6) | 1887 (41.6) | 1218 (41.6) | 1.000 |
| Good | 4366 (58.4) | 2654 (58.4) | 1712 (58.4) | |
| BMI | ||||
| Underweight | 3192 (42.7) | 1946 (42.9) | 1246 (42.5) | .881 |
| Normal | 3575 (47.9) | 2173 (47.9) | 1402 (47.8) | |
| Overweight or obesity | 704 (9.4) | 422 (9.3) | 282 (9.6) | |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; FI, frailty index; SD, standard deviation.