Table 2.

Characteristics of the studies included.

Authors, year	Country	Application name	Type of technologies	The main outcome	Other outcomes
Scherr et al. [30]	United States unit	MyCOVIDKey	Scanning the specific barcode for any location	The MyCOVIDKey application was a useful tool for tracking COVID-19 contacts in the university environment and was (1) effective in accurately tracking contacts, (2) not requiring much time, and (3) not requiring much effort	Compared with apps that work with Bluetooth and Global Positioning System (GPS), it creates more trust in users, and most users introduced it as simple to use
Zens et al. [31]	Germany	COVID-19 Symptom Tracker	—	Tracking self-reported symptoms helps identify new symptoms of COVID-19 and predict specific symptoms. Clinical screening through this tool allows rapid identification of infections and cost-effective use of testing resources	—
van Dijk et al. [32]	Netherlands	COVID RADAR	Application notifications	The ability to predict COVID-19 hotspots/in-application reported symptoms and behavior correlates with in-app reporting of SARS-CoV-2 testing. The predictive potential of the COVID RADAR correlates with external validation of in-app reported SARS-CoV-2 positive tests followed by government-reported case counts as well	Having confirmed the link between symptoms, social distancing behavior, and the number of COVID-19 cases, the next steps include trying to predict emerging hotspots by combining data on symptoms and social distancing behavior to quantify the risk of COVID-19 cases. Such predictions can be used to help with COVID-19 policy
Echeverría et al. [24]	Spain	COVIDApp	Chat and video/send a variety of messages including treatment recommendations or protocols	Rapid diagnosis of suspected and confirmed cases/reducing the risk of virus spread	Reducing the number of suspected cases/reduction in the number of long-term care facilities that were considered high risk for COVID-19/reduction in the total number of deaths, especially deaths among suspected cases
Varsavsky et al. [33]	England	COVID Symptom Study app	—	Mobile technology could be used to provide real-time data on the national and local status of the pandemic, enabling policymakers to make informed decisions about the COVID-19 pandemic and act as an independent and complementary source for traditional tools for disease monitor	Rapid diagnosis of cases in areas where testing is less. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test results and this self-report program can complement each other
Wymant et al. [34]	England	National Health Service (NHS) COVID-19	Bluetooth	Reducing the spread of COVID-19	Reducing the death rate due to disease
Nakamoto et al. [35]	Japan	COCOA	Smartphone/Bluetooth/private messaging services such as e-mail	Reducing the rate of transmission of infection/increasing the response pace to the epidemic/reducing workload/reducing operational errors/reducing population mobility/the efficiency and speed of identifying infected people	Protecting user data privacy from infected people, vulnerable people, attackers, and government authorities
Yamamoto et al. [36]	Japan	K-note	Smartphone/e-mail/Excel-based application	Preventing the spread of infection/in-app greatly reduced the follow-up burden for people who had close contact with known cases of confirmed COVID-19 infection	The app has helped with early diagnosis of COVID-19 or voluntary home quarantine of people with suspected symptoms, and the use of this app can ease the reopening of school and corporate activities/provide statistics to local governments and national headquarters
Soriano et al. [37]	Spain	Hospital Epidemics Tracker (HEpiTracker)	Smartphone-based program/self-report nature	Monitoring COVID-19 and other infectious diseases among the hospital staff	—
Denis et al. [38]	France	http://Maladiecoronavirus.fr	Self-assessment web-based triage program	A proper device to predict the increase in prevalence, hospitalizations, and intensive care unit admissions during the COVID-19 pandemic	Accurately predict the reduction in hospitalization rates
Getz et al. [39]	United States	NMB-DASA	The website's epidemiology simulation and prediction engine are based on a modified SEIR (susceptible, exposed, infectious, and improved) formula called SCLAIV	Managing epidemics and reducing the level of economic damage from the COVID-19 pandemic/the availability of computational tools, such as http://covid-webapp.numerusinc.com, allows policymakers and healthcare managers to predict the onset of an outbreak. Next, get into trouble less than what was the case with COVID-19	Helping policymakers decide how to respond to the novel coronavirus
Stanciu et al. [40]	Romania	TAMEC	(i) Management of cryptographic keys to ensure the confidentiality of system data and computing server (CS) web service (ii) Client configuration web service (iii) DSP-WebApp program (iv) TAMEC map system (v) Graphical web interface	Facilitating the prevention of the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the community	To help limit the spread of disease in the population and reduce epidemiological studies of healthcare workers