Fig. 9. In vivo preincubation and rescue assays using Fabs.

The graph illustrates in vivo muscle damage caused by B. asper venom measured as increased creatine kinase (CK) levels. B. asper whole venom (Venom) was either preincubated for 30 min with B12(Fab) and injected i.m. or injected without preincubation i.m. followed by i.v. administration of B12(Fab) 3 min later in mice. As the first negative control, PBS alone was injected i.m., and as the second negative control, B12(Fab) alone was injected i.v. After 3 h, the mice were bled, and CK levels were measured. The CK levels have been normalized to the positive control (Venom) for graph consistency and are reported as means with error bars representing the SD (n = 5 mice) and dots representing individual data points. Asterisks (**p-value < 0.01, ****p-value < 0.0001) note significant statistical difference, ns represents a non-significant p-value (>0.05). Statistics were carried out on preselected groups using one-way ANOVA followed by Šídák’s multiple comparison test. Source data are provided in a Source Data file which includes exact p-values and confidence intervals.