TABLE 3.
Classification statistics for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of active substances extracted from the coral.
| Active ingredient | Source | Activity | Concentration a | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sesquiterpenoids | Sinularia tumulosa | I | 2.6–7.5 µM (IC50) | Cai et al. (2020) |
| Sesquiterpenoids | Anthogorgia sp. | N and A | 27.81 μg/mL (IC50) | Ji and Liu (2018) |
| Sesquiterpenoids | Sinularia scabra | I | 10 µM (Y) | Su et al. (2012) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum crassum | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Chao et al. (2008a) |
| Diterpene | Cladiella krempfi | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Tai et al. (2013) |
| Diterpene | Briareum sp. | C | 5–30 µM (Y) | Joyner et al. (2011) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum sp. | N | 5, 10, and 25 µM (Y) | Roy et al. (2019) |
| Diterpene | Klyxum flaccidum | N | 50, 46.7, and 47.0 (IC50) | Ahmed et al. (2017b) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia flexibilis | S and E | 10.8 ± 0.38 and 11.0 ± 1.52 µM (IC50) | Wu et al. (2018) |
| Diterpene | Cladiella krempfi | I | 10 µM (Y) | Tai et al. (2011) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia triangular | I, C | 10 µM (Y) | Su and Wen (2011) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum laevigatum | I and C | 0.1–10 Y | Quang et al. (2011a) |
| Diterpene | Sarcophyton glaucum | A | 20 μmol/L (Y) | Li et al. (2022b) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia flexibilis | N | 10 µM (Y) | Xu (2016) |
| Diterpene | Briareum excavatum ※ | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Huynh et al. (2020) |
| Diterpene | Briareum sp. | I | 10 µM (Y) | Su et al. (2015a) |
| Diterpene | Briareum sp. | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Su et al. (2015b) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum crassum | N | 2.4 ± 0.21–16.6_x0007_ 1.70 (IC50) | Wanzola et al. (2010) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum varium | S and E | 10 µM (Y) | Ahmed et al. (2017a) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum crassum | N | 50 μg/mL (Y) | Chao et al. (2008b) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia gyrosa | C | 10 µM (Y) | Cheng et al. (2010a) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum durum | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Cheng et al. (2009a) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia querciformis and Sinularia granosa | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Lu et al. (2008) |
| Diterpene | Cladiella sp. | S and E | 10 µM (Y) | Chen et al. (2010b) |
| Diterpene | Cladiella sp. | S and E | 8.1 ± 0.3–49.4 ± 0.2 (IC50/Inh) | Chen et al. (2011b) |
| Diterpene | Klyxum simplex | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Chen et al. (2010a) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum sp. | N | 3.2–9.4 µM (IC50) | Zhao et al. (2013b) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia gyrosa | C | 10 µM (Y) | Cheng et al. (2010b) |
| Diterpene | Sarcophyton cherbonnieri | S and E | 30 µM (Y) | Peng et al. (2020) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum crassum | I and C | 6.30 ± 0.42–6.63 ± 0.11 µM (IC50) | Thao et al. (2014a) |
| Diterpene | Sarcophyton glaucum | A | 10 µM (Y) | Shen et al. (2021) |
| Diterpene | Junceella fragilis ※ | I | 10 µM (Y) | Su et al. (2019) |
| Diterpene | Nephthea columnaris | I and C | 9.80 μg/mL (IC50) | Hsiao et al. (2015) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum durum | I | 10 µM (Y) | Cheng et al. (2009b) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia maxima | I | 4.35 ± 0.12–59.77 ± 2.34 µM (IC50) | Thao et al. (2012) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia maxima | I | 0.1, 1.0, and 10 µM Y | Thao et al. (2014b) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum pauciflorum | N | 2.8 µM (IC50) | Yan et al. (2010) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia crassa | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Chao et al. (2011a) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum sarcophytoides | N | 7.1–32.1 µM (IC50) | Shen et al. (2019) |
| Diterpene | Klyxum molle | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Hsu et al. (2011) |
| Diterpene | Sarcophyton ehrenbergi | I | 7.2–38.6 µM (IC50) | Li et al. (2020a) |
| Diterpene | Briareum excavatum ※ | I and C | 1–50 µM (Y) | Lin et al. (2015) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia crassa and Lobophytum sp. | — | 10 mg/kg (Y) | Radhika et al. (2005) |
| Diterpene | Sinularia nanolobata | N and A | 20 µM (Y) | Zeng et al. (2021) |
| Diterpene | Cladiella sp. | S and E | 1.97 ± 2.44–41.08 ± 3.26 μg/mL (IC50) | Chen et al. (2012) |
| Cembranoid | Sarcophyton crassocaule | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Lin et al. (2010) |
| Cembranoid | Sinularia sp. | I | <6.25 μg/mL (Y) | Kamada et al. (2018) |
| Norditerpenoids | Sinularia maxima | I | 5.30 ± 0.21–69.85 ± 4.11 µM (IC50) | Thao et al. (2013) |
| Norditerpenoids | Sinularia numerosa | I | 10 µM (Y) | Yin et al. (2015) |
| Norditerpenoids | Sinularia siaesensis | A | 20 µM (Y) | Chen et al. (2021) |
| Norditerpenoids | Sinularia maxima | I | 23.52 ± 1.37 and 69.85 ± 4.11 µM (IC50) | Thao et al. (2013) |
| Norditerpenoids | Sinularia sp. | N and I | 33 μg/mL (Y) | Hiroko et al. (2003) |
| Norditerpene | Sinularia gyrosa | I | 10 µM (Y) | Cheng et al. (2010c) |
| Nanolobatolide | Sinularia nanolobata | I | 10 µM (Y) | Tseng et al. (2009) |
| Diterpene and sesquiterpenoids | Cespitularia sp. | I, C, and N | 100 µM (Y) | Lin et al. (2021) |
| Steroids | Nephthea chabroli | I, C | 10 µM (Y) | Huang et al. (2008) |
| Steroids | Sinularia crassa | I, C | 10 µM (Y) | Chao et al. (2012) |
| Steroids | Klyxum flaccidum | S, E | 4.40 ± 0.19, 5.64 ± 0.41 (IC50) | Tseng et al. (2016) |
| Steroids | Nephthea chabroli | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Huang et al. (2008) |
| Steroids | Scleronephthya gracillimum | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Fang et al. (2013) |
| Steroids | Clavularia viridis | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Chang et al. (2008) |
| Steroids | Dendronephthya griffini | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Chao et al. (2008a) |
| Steroids | Echinomuricea spinosa ※ | S and E | 1.13 ± 0.55–95.54 ± 6.17 µM (IC50) | Chung et al. (2012) |
| Steroids | Dendronephthya gigantea | I, C, S, E, and N | 4.33 ± 0.50 μg/mL (IC50) | Fernando et al. (2017) |
| Steroids | Pinnigorgia sp.※ | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Su et al. (2016) |
| Crude extract | Nephthea sp. | C | 33.72–46.75 μg/mL (IC50) | Abdelhafez et al. (2020) |
| Flexibilisquinone | Sinularia flexibilis | I and C | 5–20 µM (Y) | Lin et al. (2013b) |
| Tocopherol-derived | Cladiella hirsuta | S and E | 3.7 ± 0.3–4.1 ± 1.1 µM (IC50) | Chen et al. (2015) |
| EGFR | — | C and I | 10 µM (Y) | Lin et al. (2013a) |
| Lemnalol | — | I and C | 30 mg/kg (Y) | Lee et al. (2013) |
| Lemnalol | Lemnalia cervicornis | A | 0.05–10 µg (Y) | Lin et al. (2011) |
| Lemnalol | Lemnalia cervicornis | I and C | 15 mg/kg (Y) | Jean et al. (2008) |
| Quinones | Sinularia flexibilis | I and C | 5–20 μM (Y) | Lin et al. (2013b) |
| Glycoside | Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae ※ | — | 1–4 µM (IC50) | Mayer et al. (1998) |
| Briarane | Junceella fragilis ※ | E | 10 μg/mL (Y) | Sheu et al. (2006) |
| Isosarcophine | Sarcophyton cherbonnieri | S and E | 30 µM (Y) | Peng et al. (2021) |
| Tetraphenylbenzoquinone | Sinularia capillosa | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Cheng et al. (2010a) |
| Withanolide | Paraminabea acronocephala | I and C | 10 µM (Y) | Chao et al. (2011b) |
| Capnellene | Capnella imbricate | C | 6.21 ± 2.5 and 17.9 ± 2.9 µM (IC50) | Jean et al. (2009) |
| Bicyclogermacrenes | Capnella sp. | I and N | 10 and 20 µM (Y) | Phan et al. (2015) |
| Isoprenoids | Sinularia erecta | S and E | 0.9 ± 0.1–8.5 ± 0.3 µM (IC50) | Lin et al. (2014) |
| Prostaglandin | Plexaura homomalla ※ | V and E | 100 µM (Y) | Huang et al. (2016) |
a
Inhibition of iNOS (I), COX-2 (C), superoxide anion (S), N (N0), astrocytes (A), and elastase (E); Y refers to the medication.