TABLE 5.
Classification statistics for antibacterial effects of active substances extracted from the coral.
| Active ingredient | Source | Strain | Concentration a | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sesquiterpenoids | Anthogorgia sp. | Staphylococcus aureus | 100 μg/mL (Y) | JI and Liu (2018) |
| Sesquiterpenoids | Muriceides collaris ※ | Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio alginolyticus | 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL (Y) | Shi (2009) |
| Sesquiterpenoids | Litophyton arboreum | Bacillus cereus | 1.8 μmol (Y) | Abou El-Kassem et al. (2018) |
| Sesquiterpenoids | Paralemnalia thyrsoide | Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger | 0.221–2.248 µmol (MIC) | Elshamy et al. (2021) |
| Sesquiterpenoids | Lemnalia sp. | Bacillus subtilis | 4–8 μg/mL (MIC) | Liu et al. (2022) |
| Sesquiterpenoids | Xenia sp. | Lagenidium thermophilum | 25 μg/mL (MIC) | Phan et al. (2019) |
| Diterpene | Junceella juncea ※ | Fungi: Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Penicillium notatum | 200 μg/mL (Y) | Murthy et al. (2011) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum pauciflorum | Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae | 20 µg/mL (Y) | Yan et al. (2010) |
| Diterpene | Dichotella gemmacea ※ | Staphylococcus albus and Staphylococcus aureus | 10–20 μmol/mL (MIC) | Sun (2012) |
| Diterpene | Lobophytum sp. | Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae | — | Zhao et al. (2013a) |
| Diterpene | Lemnalia sp. | Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus | 4–64 μg/mL (MIC) | Yan et al. (2021) |
| Diterpene | Dichotella gemmacea ※ | Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium and Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli | 0.05 mg (Y) | Li et al. (2016) |
| Diterpene | — | Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani | ≤1 μM and <0.2 μM (IC50) | Thao et al. (2015) |
| Diterpene | Nephthea sp. | Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli | 2.4, 3.0, and 6.0 µg/mL (MIC/MBC) | Ishii et al. (2016) |
| Terpenoids | Sarcophyton trocheliophorum | Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria | 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/mL (Y) | Gomaa et al. (2016) |
| Steroids | Sarcophyton sp. | Escherichia coli, Bacillus megaterium, Microbotryum violaceum, and Septoria tritici | — | Wang et al. (2013a) |
| Steroids | Carijoa sp. | Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus cereus, and Tetragenococcus halophilus | 31 nM (Y) | Zhao (2013) |
| Steroids | Sarcophyton sp. | Staphylococcus albus | 20 μmol (Y) | Sun et al. (2013) |
| Steroids | Carijoa sp. | Pseudomonas putida | 31 nM (Y) | Zhao et al. (2013c) |
| Diterpene and steroidal saponin | Dichotella gemmacea ※ | Bacillus megaterium and Botrytis cinerea | — | Jiang (2013) |
| Polyphenol | Talaromyces sp. | Escherichia coli, MRSA, Staphylococcus. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis | 0.45–15.6 μg/mL (MIC) | Li et al. (2021b) |
| Lobophorin | Lophelia pertusa | Pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus | 40–80 μg/mL (MIC) | Braña et al. (2017) |
| BCE | Sarcophyton sp. | Pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis | 37 and 73 µg/µL (MIC) | Bai (2011) |
| — | Xenia sp. | Lagenidium thermophilum | 25 μg/mL (MIC) | Phan et al. (2019) |
| — | Nephthea sp. | Lagenidium thermophilum | 12.5 μg/mL (MIC) | Tani et al. (2019) |
| — | Muricella sibogae | Vibrio anguillarum | 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL (Y) | Li (2010b) |
| — | Sinularia polydactyla | Gram-positive bacteria: Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium | 3.9–62.5 μg/mL (MIC) | Aboutabl el et al. (2013) |
a
Y refers to the medication